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Word Roots

Word Roots. carb - = coal ( carboxyl group : a functional group present in organic acids, consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom) di - = two ( disaccharide : two monosaccharides joined together )

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Word Roots

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  1. Word Roots • carb- = coal (carboxyl group: a functional group present in organic acids, consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom) • di- = two (disaccharide: two monosaccharides joined together ) • glyco- = sweet (glycogen: a polysaccharide sugar used to store energy in animals) • hydro- = water (hydrocarbon: an organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen) • iso- = equal (isomer: one of several organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties) • macro- = large (macromolecule: a large molecule) • mono- = single; -sacchar = sugar (monosaccharide: simplest type of sugar) • poly- = many (polysaccharide: many monosaccharides joined together) • tri- = three (triacylglycerol: three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule)

  2. Go on to the Campbell Biology site, Chapter 3 activities, do them as we learn the work, and then take the activity quiz and submit it to me when we are done with the chapter. The Chemistry of Life-organic compounds Contain carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other carbon atoms and to other elements as well - typically H, O, and N

  3. 3.1 Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon Read pp. 32-34 Activity 3A (1st of 10)

  4. Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds to fill its outermost shell

  5. Carbon readily bonds w/other C atoms to form enormous variety of organic compounds ring Hydrocarbons

  6. Isomers • Compounds w/same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of atoms • Each has unique properties

  7. 3.2 Functional groups help determine the properties of organic compounds. Read pg. 35 Activity 3B

  8. Functional Groups • Cluster of atoms in organic compounds • Influence molecule’s properties • Predictable chemical properties • Participate in chemical reactions • Have polar characteristics

  9. Properties of functional groups Highly polar, so makes compounds more soluble through hydrogen-bonding with water Aldehydes, especially, react with compounds to form HY to produce larger molecules with form Acts as acid-tends to lose proton to form Acts as base-tends to attract proton to form When several phosphate groups are linked together, breaking O-P bonds between them releases large amounts of energy When present in proteins, can form disulfide (S-S) bonds that contribute to protein structure

  10. 3.3 Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set of small molecules Read pg. 36 Activity 3C

  11. Large Carbon Molecules: • Monomers (mono = one) • Polymers (poly = many) • Macromolecules (macro = large) • Repeated, linked units forming large polymers • Condensation reaction or dehydration synthesis

  12. Hydrolysis Breakdown of some complex molecules

  13. Molecules of Life 4 main classes essential to life processes of living things built from C/H/O, but atoms occur in different ratios  Despite similarities, different classes have different properties

  14. 3.4 Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates3.5 Cells link single sugars to form disaccharides3.6 How sweet is sweet?3.7 Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units Read pp. 37-39 Activities 3D and 3E

  15. Carbohydrates:sugars, starches, cellulose • Made of carbon (carbo)/water (hydrate) • Carbon (1) : Hydrogen (2) : Oxygen (1) • Monosaccharides supply most cell energy • Grouped by complexity

  16. Monosaccharides (single or simple sugars) CH2O “ose” = sugar Glucose Fructose (fruits) isomers of C6H12O6 Galactose (milk) Many form ring-shaped molecules

  17. Disaccharides (double sugars) Glycosidic bond formed from dehydration synthesis (in cereal grains). (milk sugar) (table sugar)

  18. Polysaccharides (many sugars) Protection/Support Long-term Storage Starch (plants) Glycogen (animals) In liver/muscles Hydrolyzed by animals to obtain glucose • Cellulose/chitin • Plant/algae cell walls give strength/rigidity • Only certain bacteria, fungi, protozons hydrolyzed to get glucose • Fiber for animals (not digested)

  19. 3.8 Lipids include fats, which are mostly energy-storage molecules3.9 Phospholipids, waxes, and steroid are lipids with a variety of functions3.10 Anabolic steroids and related substances pose health risks Read pp. 40-41 Activity 3G

  20. Lipids: (not true polymer) • Large, nonpolar organic molecules • Hydrophobic (dissolve in other lipids/organic solvents like alcohol, ether and acetone) • (CH2)n (C/H higher ratio to O than carbs) • Main function: • Energy storage (many C-H bonds) • >2x energy as gram of carbs/proteins

  21. Fats (triglycerides or triacylglycerides) Glycerol (3C alcohol) 3 Fatty acids (carboxyl group/HC chain with about 15 other carbon atoms) Hydrophobic (nonpolar covalent bonds)

  22. Lipids with varieties of functions Phospholipids, waxes, steroids

  23. Phospholipids Waxes 1 fatty acid linked to alcohol Solid Low melting points Waterproof coating (insects, plants, humans) More hydrophobic than fats Effective natural coatings for fruits • Cell membranes • Only two hydrophobic fatty acids • 3rd replaced w/hydrophilic phosphate group

  24. Steroids-lipids with backbones bent into rings Cholesterol Anabolic Steroids Synthetic/natural variants of testosterone Buildup of muscle/bone mass during puberty in men Use can lead to liver cancer, testicular atrophy, antisocial behavior, male breast development, female masculinization • Functions • Normal functioning of nerve/other cells • Form vitamin D • Make other steroids (male/female sex hormones and bile salts) • In animal cell membranes • Atherosclerosis

  25. 3.11 Proteins are essential to the structures and activities of life3.12 Proteins are made from just 20 kinds of amino acids3.13 Amino acids can be linked by peptide bonds3.14 A protein’s specific shape determines its function3.15 A protein’s primary structure is its amino acid sequence3.16 Secondary structure is polypeptide coiling or folding produced by hydrogen bonding3.17 Tertiary structure is the overall shape of a polypeptide3.18 Quaternary structure is the relationship among multiple polypeptides of a protein Read pp. 42-45 Activity 3H

  26. Proteins • Contains C/H/O/N & sometimes S • Amino acids (monomers) Basic properties Acidic properties Makes each chemically unique

  27. Each amino acid has specific properties

  28. 7 major classes of proteins are: • Structural (hair, cell cytoskeleton) • Contractile (part of muscle/motile cells, produce movement) • Storage (sources of amino acids-egg whites) • Defense (antibodies, membrane proteins, complement proteins) • Transport (hemoglobin, membrane proteins) • Signaling (hormones, membrane proteins) • Enzymatic (decrease rate of biochemical reactions much like chemical catalyst)

  29. More add on and form polypeptide, which make up proteins

  30. Changes in primary structure can affect overall structure and ability to function (3o/4o) from H bonds between –NH and –C=O groups of amino acids of 2 peptides Disulfide/hydrogen/ionic bonds between R groups & groups along coils/pleats 2 or more folded polypeptides join Protein’s specific shape determines its function

  31. Enzymes (large proteins) Act as catalysts (change rates of reactions, reduce activation energy) Not used up Substrate specific Ends in –ase Function with assistance from cofactors (minerals) or coenzymes (vitamins)

  32. Induced-fit model replaced lock-and-key model • Denaturaton • Changes in heat, ionic strength, salinity, and pH • Proteins unfold, losing shape/function • 37oC near optimal for human enzymes; above 40oC, stop functioning

  33. 3.19 Linus Pauling contributed to our understanding of the chemistry of life3.20 Nucleic acids are information-rich polymers of nucleotides Read pp. 46-47 Activities 3I and 3J (last one)

  34. Nucleic AcidsDNA and RNA • Contain C/O/H/N/P • Largest biological molecules in body • 1000s of linked nucleotides • Deoxyribonucleic acid • Information for almost all cell activities • Replicates itself exactly • Ribonucleic acid • Stores/transfers information for protein manufacture

  35. Nucleotides consist of: • Ring shaped nitrogen-containingbase • adenine (A) • guanine (G) • cytosine (C • thymine (T) (in DNA) • uracil (U) (in RNA) Pentose-5C sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA)

  36. Summary:

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