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THE MOLECULES OF LIFE (pp. 44-47) TEST Friday Sept. 14

THE MOLECULES OF LIFE (pp. 44-47) TEST Friday Sept. 14. IV. Importance of Carbon. Cells are composed of 70-95% _____ most of the rest is carbon-based compounds. water. A. Structure of Carbon. 1. Atomic # 6: __ protons & __ electrons; __ in first shell & __ in second

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THE MOLECULES OF LIFE (pp. 44-47) TEST Friday Sept. 14

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  1. THE MOLECULES OF LIFE (pp. 44-47) TEST Friday Sept. 14

  2. IV. Importance of Carbon Cells are composed of 70-95% _____ most of the rest is carbon-based compounds water

  3. A. Structure of Carbon 1. Atomic # 6: __ protons & __ electrons; __ in first shell & __ in second 2. Has 4 ________ electrons- so can make four ________ bonds 6 6 2 4 valance covalent

  4. A. Structure of Carbon 3. Usually bonds with: _________________________________________________ 4. Can also form bonds w/other ________ atoms 5. _______ hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus sulfur, nitrogen carbon organic

  5. A. Structure of Carbon Compounds not containing carbon are known as _______ inorganic

  6. B. Macromolecules large macro=______, so these are _________ molecules very large

  7. 1. Polymers many a. poly=________ b. these are large molecules made up of _______________ building blocks similar or identical

  8. 2. Monomers a. mono= ____ b. are the ____________ or sub units of polymers one building blocks

  9. 3. DehydrationSynthesis Reaction that ____________ bonds two or more molecules together ______ is released as waste product covalently Water

  10. 4. Hydrolysis Reaction that ____________ the covalent bond between 2 or more molecules Requires the addition of ______ breaks water

  11. 4. Classes of macromolecules or also called Biomolecules a. ___________________ b. ___________________ c. ___________________ d. ___________________ Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

  12. V. Carbohydrates A. Elements: _______, always a ____ ratio of H atoms to O atoms (2H:1O) B. Monomer: monosaccharide C. Function: immediate and _____ ________; building material C, H, O 2:1 stored energy

  13. II. Carbohydrates D. Where found in body: bloodstream, liver; cell walls of _______________ E. Food source: _________________ plants & fungus sugar & starches

  14. II. Carbohydrates • Examples: 1. Monosaccharides: (__________) a. Simplest of all sugars b. 2 kinds 5-carbon monosaccharides Deoxyribose-Found in ____ Ribose- Found in ____ One sugar DNA RNA

  15. II. Carbohydrates 6-carbon monosaccharides *Three kinds. All having the formula ______; known as _______. * ______ are arranged differently giving each molecule different properties. C6 H12 O6 isomers Atoms

  16. II. Carbohydrates i. Glucose - preferred _______ _______ for most organism; including humans ii. Fructose- _________ found in some fruits iii. Galactose- one component of _____ energy source Very sweet! milk

  17. Isomers

  18. II. Carbohydrates • Examples: Disaccharides: __________ ____ monosaccharides __________ bonded together sucrose- ____________: _________ lactose- ____________: __________ Maltose- ____________________ ________ Two sugars two covalently Table sugar glu + fru Milk sugar glu +galac Found in seeds, grains glu + glu

  19. II. Carbohydrates F. Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: many monosaccharides covalently bonded together; two groups a. Storage Polysaccharides: long polymers of glucose; broken down for needed _________ energy

  20. II. Carbohydrates F. Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: * Glycogen- Storage of glucose in _______ Stored in _______________ animals liver & muscles

  21. II. Carbohydrates • Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: *Starch- Storage of glucose in _______ Humans _________________ to glucose for energy plants CAN break down

  22. II. Carbohydrates • Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: b. Structural Polysaccharides: used for building materials

  23. II. Carbohydrates F. Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: * cellulose component of _____ cell walls human __________________ important source of _____ in our diet plant unable to break down fiber

  24. II. Carbohydrates F. Examples: 3. Polysaccharides: * Chitin Component of _____________ Component of insect and other arthropod ___________ fungal cell walls exoskeletal

  25. Non-polar VI. Lipids:______ compounds that are __________________ waxy, or oily Fatty A. Elements: ______ many more H than in a carb. B. Monomer: glycerol & fatty acids C. Function:_____________; _________; _________ D. Where found in body: cell membrane; innermost layer of skin; surrounding some organs • Food Source: _______________________ C, H, O, insulation energy storage cushioning butter, shortening, olive oil,

  26. III. Lipids: F. Examples: 1. Fats & Oils a. all have 3 fatty acid tails b. fats _____ at room temperature c. oils ______ at room temperature solid liquid

  27. III. Lipids: F. Examples: 1. Fats & Oils d. _________ fats- no carbon-carbon double bonds e. ___________ fats- at least one carbon-carbon double bonds f. __________ fats linked to heart disease Saturated Unsaturated Saturated

  28. III. Lipids: F. Examples: 2. Phospholipids a. unique lipid b. found in every living _______________ cell membrane

  29. III. Lipids: F. Examples: 3. Steroids a. used for ________ production b. used for ______ cell structure c. Ex. ____________ hormone animal Cholesterol

  30. IV. Proteins C, H, O, N A. Elements: __________ B. Monomer: ___________ 1. only ___ different amino acids combine in different ___________________________ 2. All 20 are ________ except for a portion called the _______ Amino acids 20 patterns, Numbers, & arrangement identical R-group

  31. IV. Proteins shape • Proteins ______ important to its _______ & determined by interactions between R-groups a. Covalent bonds b. Ionic bonds c. Hydrogen bonds d. Van der Waals Forces- similar in principal to H-bonds; intermoleculear ___________ between _________ functions non-polar attractions

  32. C. Function: support, structure, ___________________________ metabolism D. Where found in body: muscles, hair, skin, enzymes enzymes involved in

  33. IV. Proteins E. Food Source: __________________ F. Examples: 1. Enzymes a. ___________________ b. trigger chemical reactions c. could not maintain _____________ without them meats, peanuts, eggs Biological catalysts homeostasis

  34. V. Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P A. Elements: ____________ B. Monomer: ___________ C. Function: genetic instructions & usable energy D. Where found in body: nucleus of cells E. Food Source: _______ Nucleotide none

  35. V. Nucleic Acids F. Examples: 1. DNA- a. Deoxyribonucleic acid b. composed of 2 _______ of nucleotides covalently bonded together through dehydration synthesis chains

  36. V. Nucleic Acids F. Examples: 1. DNA- c. twisted together to form a ____________ structure d. contains the ________ instructions for the cell double helix genetic

  37. V. Nucleic Acids F. Examples: 2. RNA- a. Ribonucleic acid b. __________ strand of nucleotides c. __________ the instructions in DNA 3. ATP- a. Adenosine triphosphate b. provides _____________ for the cell single carries out useable energy

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