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Nation and Memory

Nation and Memory. Lecture 3 Russia’s Mission Week 3. Outline Thinking about Russia Kiev and Byzantium The ‘Mongolian yoke‘ The rise of Moscow Westernisation The Russian Empire in the 19th century Conclusion. 1800. Nikolay M. Karamzin (1766-1826). Pyotr Y. Chaadayev (1794-1856).

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Nation and Memory

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  1. Nation and Memory Lecture 3 Russia’s Mission Week 3

  2. Outline • Thinking about Russia • Kiev and Byzantium • The ‘Mongolian yoke‘ • The rise of Moscow • Westernisation • The Russian Empire in the 19th century • Conclusion

  3. 1800

  4. Nikolay M. Karamzin (1766-1826) Pyotr Y. Chaadayev (1794-1856) Ivan V. Kireevsky (1806-1856)

  5. Autocracy, Orthodoxy, and Nationality/National Character (narodnost’) Count Sergey S. Uvarov, Minister for Education 1832 “narodnost’” underlines the originality and uniqueness of the Russian people, the fundamental values of Russian culture and society, as opposed to Westernization. "To turn Russians back to Russian ways", ("возвраща́ть ру́сских к ру́сскому"). Uvarov

  6. Influences • Byzantine heritage – Orthodox faith – Third Rome • Mongolian heritage – for 200 years part of a Mongolian empire (1240 – middle of the 15th c.) • Influences of Western and Central Europe (Polish, German, Swedish, French) – 17th c. – 20th c.

  7. Outline • Thinking about Russia • Kiev and Byzantium • The ‘Mongolian yoke‘ • The rise of Moscow • Westernisation • The Russian Empire in the 19th century • Conclusion

  8. Timeline I: The Principality of Kiev • The Principality of Kiev

  9. Period I: the Kievan Rus: 9th century – mid 13th century 1000 1200

  10. Outline • Thinking about Russia • Kiev and Byzantium • The ‘Mongolian yoke‘ • The rise of Moscow • Westernisation • The Russian Empire in the 19th century • Conclusion

  11. Timeline II: the ‘Mongolian yoke‘ • Mongolian heritage – for 200 years part of a Mongolian empire (1240 – middle of the 15th c.)

  12. 1300 1400

  13. A new start or the continuation of Kiev: The Principality of Moscow: Geography • Forests in Moscovian heartland • Peripheral location • Vast Russian plain • Dense and viable network of rivers • Spring and autumn: mud, time of immobility

  14. Aleksander Nevsky during the Battle of Lake Peipus or Battle of the Ice, 1242, scene from Alexander Nevsky by Sergei Eisenstein, 1938 Battle of Kulikovo, 1380, Painting 1850

  15. Outline • Thinking about Russia • Kiev and Byzantium • The ‘Mongolian yoke‘ • The rise of Moscow • Westernisation • The Russian Empire in the 19th century • Conclusion

  16. Timeline III: The Rise of Moscow • Byzantine heritage – Orthodox faith – Third Rome

  17. Expansion: The Gathering of the Lands of the Golden Horde • After end of Mongolian Empire and defeat of successors – power vacuum in the East, filled by Moscow • Conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan 1555 • Conquest of Kazakh steppe • Colonization of Siberia • Subjugation of Central Asia

  18. 1500 1600

  19. Moscow and the idea of the Third Rome • After fall of Constantinople 1453 Moscow princes see themselves as legitimate heirs of orthodox emperor • 17th – 19th centuries: several wars against Ottoman Empire • Access to the Black Sea • Conquest of Crimea • Caucasus and Transcaucasus with orthodox Georgian nation • Russian Emperor: Protector of Orthodox population in Ottoman Empire

  20. Autocracy • Greek origin: self-ruler (samoderzhets) • Form of government • Unlimited power held by one individual • Used by Byzantine Emperor • Transferred with idea of Third Rome to Moscow Measures: • Ivan IV: Oprichnina 1564 ff: persecution of old nobility with help of 'oprichniki' • Sack of Novgorod in 1570

  21. Troubled times

  22. Expansion: The Gathering of the Lands of the Rus • Conquest of Novgorod • Several wars against the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth • 1654 Treaty of Pereyaslav with Cossack Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky • 1667 Peace Treaty of Andrusovo, West Bank Ukraine and Eastern part of Belarus join Russian Empire • 1772 First Partition of Poland, Right Bank Ukraine and Western part of Belarus • Russian Emperor: Protector of Orthodox population in Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth • 1793/95 Second and Third Partition of Poland, eastern half of Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth goes to Russian Empire

  23. Outline • Thinking about Russia • Kiev and Byzantium • The ‘Mongolian yoke‘ • The rise of Moscow • Westernisation • The Russian Empire in the 19th century • Conclusion

  24. Timeline 4: Westernisation • 1682/1689-1725 Peter I. (the Great) • 1697 “Grand Embassy” to Western Europe • Government and administrative reforms – more effective administration: Swedish, Dutch, German example • Land tax and household tax replaced by capitation: payable also by serfs • Reform of the Russian Orthodox Church: Patriarch of Moscow replaced by Holy Synod (10 clergymen) • 1721 Title “Emperor” • 1722 Introduction of a new order of precedence: the Table of ranks: privileges of nobility based on state service

  25. Peter the Great, portrait by Paul Delaroche

  26. Expansion: Access to the Baltic Sea • Great Northern War against Sweden 1699-1721 • Conquest of Ingermanland • 1703 Foundation of St.Petersburg • Integration of Estonia and Livonia 1721 • 1809 Finland becomes part of the Russian Empire

  27. 1700

  28. Battle of Poltava, 1709: Russia vs. Sweden and Cossack Allies (Mazepa) Beginning of end of Cossack autonomy

  29. Catherine the Great Portrait by Dmitry Levitsky

  30. Timeline 4: Westernisation II • 1761 under Peter III.: Liberty of nobility: no longer obliged to serve in the military or civil service • 1762-1796 Catherine II. (the Great): Westernisation continues • Enlightened Absolutism: administrative reforms, attempt to organise society in well defined social groups – estates • Charter to the Nobility (1785) and Charter to the Towns • 1790 Aleksandr N. Radishchev publishes “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow”: attack on serfdom and autocracy

  31. Outline • Thinking about Russia • Kiev and Byzantium • The ‘Mongolian yoke‘ • The rise of Moscow • Westernisation • The Russian Empire in the 19th century • Conclusion

  32. Timeline 5: Domestic Policy 1801 - 1856

  33. Timeline 5: Foreign and Imperial Policy 1801 - 1856

  34. Timeline 6: Imperial and Foreign Policy 1856 - 1881

  35. Timeline 6: Domestic Policy 1856 - 1881

  36. 1900

  37. Outline • Thinking about Russia • Kiev and Byzantium • The ‘Mongolian yoke‘ • The rise of Moscow • Westernisation • The Russian Empire in the 19th century • Conclusion

  38. New challenges in the age of nationalism 1800 to 1914 • Relationship to Europe: Follow Europe (Westernisers), Lead Europe (Slavophiles) • 'Backwardness‘ • Autocratic tradition – no estates: weakness of society • Nobility vs. Peasants (serfs) • Weak middle class • Empire vs. Nation: Russian nationalism and imperial patriotism – Imperial overstretch • Challenge by socialism and minority nationalism

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