Early U.S. History: Washington to Monroe

1. Monday’s Bell Work Complete: Copy the Chart on p.174 on the back of your 2.1 Study Guide- (15 minutes)

2. Timeline • 1789 – George Washington becomes President • Congress creates executive departments and GW chooses cabinet • Dept. of Treasury, State & War (#1) • 1789 – Judiciary Act Passed • Outlined the make-up of the Supreme Court and established lower federal courts • 1791 – Bill of Rights ratified (also #2)

3. Debt… New government inherited a huge debt from the Continental Congress Sec. of Treasury Alexander Hamilton wanted to pay off all debt including the states’ outstanding debts Hamilton called for the creation of a national bank to manage the country’s finances… 1791 – Bank of US established

4. Need for Money • 1791 Congress issued a high tax on Whiskey • Brought in needed $$, but very unpopular among western farmers…Whiskey Rebellion… • They resisted by terrorizing tax collectors, robbing mail, destroying mills of those who paid the tax • 1794 – GW sends troops to crush the Whiskey Rebellion

5. Political Parties • 1794 – Political Parties are established • The growing tensions over Hamilton’s bank and the handling of the Whiskey Rebellion developed into two rival views of how the government should operate • Federalists – led by Hamilton (#3) • Democratic-Republicans – referred to as Republicans – led by Jefferson and Madison (#3)

6. Federalists v. Democratic-Republicans

7. Rise of Political Parties • Federalists became resentful of Republican’s harsh criticism of their policies. Federalists had the majority in Congress, which allowed them to pass… • 1798- The Alien and Sedition Acts • “Alien” – harder to gain citizenship- newcomers often voted Republican • “Sedition” – crime to utter or print anything “false, scandalous and malicious” against Fed gov’t or any Federal official

8. Thomas Jefferson • 1800 – Thomas Jefferson elected President • Electoral College had a tie between TJ and his opponent Aaron Burr • Finally tie was broken and TJ was elected and Burr was VP • In spring the Republicans stepped down and established a peaceful change in power – even between rival political parties • Jefferson’s Presidency was committed to limiting gov’t power. • Began paying off debt, cutting gov’t spending & did away with Whiskey tax

9. 1803 • 1803 – Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison • IMPORTANT:the Supreme Court exercised its right of judicial review (#4)– which allows the SC to declare laws constitutional or unconstitutional • April 1803 – Louisiana Purchase • Doubled the size of the US and gave total control of Mississippi River to US

10. Foreign Relations • British were seizing American ships at sea and inciting Native American attacks in the west • Presidents (Adams and Jefferson) tried economic sanctions as punishment • This led to… • 1812 – The War of 1812 • The British marched into Washington – burned the White House and the Capitol

11. War of 1812 • Sept. 1812 – Battle of Baltimore • British were held back and retreated Francis Scott Key wrote “Star Spangled Banner” • Dec. 24, 1814 – Treaty of Ghent – ended the war • Results of the war: • Proved America as a power • Ended Federalist Party – (they opposed the war)(#5) • Generated patriotism (#5)

12. National Affairs • After the War of 1812 – the focus of the nation turned to national affairs and growth • 1816 - Tariff of 1816 – protected manufacturers by taxing imports (goods coming in) • This made products made in the US cheaper and helped the economy

13. 1819 • 1819- Supreme Court Case – McCulloch v. Maryland • IMPORTANT: SC ruled that the federal government could use the necessary and proper clause (elastic clause) in Article I of the Const. to use its powers in anyway not specifically prohibited by the Constitution. Gave federal government broad powers! • #6: John Marshall; Constitution; taxes; money; commerce

14. 1819 continued • 1819 – Adams-Onis Treaty • Spain gave Florida to US

15. Events leading to the Monroe Doctrine Latin American nations begin declaring independence from Spain Some European rulers urge Spain to reclaim the Latin American nations Russia declares its land from Alaska to the Oregon Territory Dec. 1823 – Monroe Doctrine (#7) – President Monroe declares that the American continent should no longer be viewed as open to colonization

16. The nation begins to grow and industrialize… • 1800’s were a time of rapid change • Transportation greatly improved access to different regions • Industrial Revolution turned North into manufacturing center • South continued to rely on agriculture • Railroads appeared

17. Transportation • 1806 – National Road (#8) – major east-west highway – funded by Congress • Rivers were also a great mode of transport (#9) • Trains helped settle the west and expand trade among the different regions (#9)

18. Industrial Revolution • IR – large-scale manufacturing using complex machines and organized workforces in factories (#10) • US Industrialized quickly for several reasons • Free enterprise system of economics has very little government control • Lower taxes = more $$ to invest in machines • 1830’s laws passed regarding incorporation making it easier to form businesses

19. Inventions in the Industrial Revolution • Eli Whitney’s invention of interchangeable parts helped manufacturing in the Northeast • 1832 – the telegraph and Morse Code were a major improvement in communication (#11)

20. Industrial Revolution led to Urban Growth and Immigration • Urban growth – people left farms and villages in search of higher paying jobs in the cities • Immigration – looking for better life in S, immigrants came to cities for a job • Created an endless supply of cheap labor • 1845 – large Irish Immigration due to the potato famine

21. Industrialization continued • 1860 – ~ 1.3 million factory workers • Workers began to form labor unions in hopes of better working conditions and higher pay (#12) • Unions were not powerful at first and would remain scarce for decades

22. Agriculture and the South • Agriculture was still important in the South • Until late 1800’s agriculture remained the country’s leading economic activity • The South thrived on cash crops • 1793 – Eli Whitney invents the Cotton Gin (#13) • Helps speed up cotton production • 1860 – “Cotton is King” • 2/3 of total exports (goods going out) of US goods is cotton

23. Slave Labor • Cotton boosted the southern economy and increased the demand for slave labor • One of many indignities endured by slaves were laws banning them from learning to read or write (#14) • 1808 – Congress outlawed the foreign slave trade • The birthrate among slaves kept the population growing without trading or acquiring slaves from outside the US.

24. Homework • 2.2 Study Guide • 2.2 Vocab (list of words on bottom of page) • Vocab can go on back OR separate sheet Both are due Thursday!

25. 2.2 Vocab • Spoils system, • secede, • nullification, • Indian Removal Act, • Trail of Tears • Whigs • Abolition • Emancipation • Frederick Douglas