Health Occupation Student Orientation Module 4: Provision of Care

1. Health Occupation Student Orientation Module 4: Provision of Care

2. Section 1 PATIENT SAFETY Goals

3. Patient Safety Goals / Initiatives • Background • Patient Safety Goals were first established in 2002 by the Joint Commission to help accredited hospitals address specific areas of concern in regards to patient safety. • These goals are hospital regulatory requirements that must be met. Accreditation surveys evaluate hospitals for goal implementation. • Each year the list of patient safety goals is reviewed and updated by a panel of widely recognized patient safety experts. • The following slides describe our practices for some of these goals.

4. Patient Safety GoalImprove Accuracy of Patient Identification • Use 2 Patient Identifiers • Identifiers - Name and Date of Birth • Check/scan armband and ask patient to state their name and date of birth • When to Check Patient Identifiers: • Ordering/delivering meals • Collecting / labeling specimens • Administering Medications • Blood Administration • Prior to procedures, treatments and transport

5. Patient Safety GoalImprove Communication – Physician Orders • Validate Completeness and Accuracy of Verbal or Telephone Orders • Write Down the order, ReadBack theorder • Document as VORB or TORB • Verbal Med Orders limited to emergencies only e.g codes

6. Patient Safety GoalImprove Communication – Physician Orders • DONOT USE Abbreviations shown at right which are known to increase risk of errors. • Physician orders containing an unapproved abbreviation must be clarified with the ordering physician.

7. Patient Safety GoalImprove Communication – Hand Off Report • Give an Effective “Handoff” Report • When To Do a Handoff: • Change of shift; transfer to different care unit; sending patient to diagnostic imaging etc. • Your Role: make sure you give a verbal report to the primary RN before leaving each day. • What To Include in Report: • Patient’s condition, treatments, medications, services, Fall risk, isolation, code status and any recent and/or anticipated changes • Limit interruptions, provide opportunity for receiver to ask/respond to questions An estimated 80 percent of serious medical errors involve miscommunication between caregivers when patients are transferred or handed-off.

8. Patient Safety GoalImprove Communication - Patients • What Needs Interpreting • Patient intake • H&P • Consent • Discharge instructions • Who Can Interpret: • Bilingual staff may interpret non-clinical information only • Family members and friends should not be used. However, if patient insists, a certified interpreter must also be present • Hospital Approved Interpreters - ask the primary RN or Charge RN about these • Language Barriers: Pacific Interpreters • Hearing Impairment: American Sign Language; TTY and TDD devices available Patient has the right to make informed decisions regarding his/her care.

9. Use Patient – Staff Communication Boards Purpose: keep patients informed Boards are located in inpatient rooms – 1 per patient Update beginning of shift during handoff report Patient Safety GoalImprove Communication - Patients White Boards Examples of What to Record: Date Nurse Care Partner Doctor Daily Goals

10. Round on Patients: When: Every 1 – 2 hours When providing services Accomplish scheduled tasks Address 4 P’s (pain, toileting, positioning and personal items nearby – call light, phone etc) Conduct environmental assessment (bed alarms set, IV pumps etc) Ask “Is there anything else I can do for you before I go? Communicate unmet needs to nursing Document the round on the white board Patient Safety GoalImprove Communication - Patients The Four P’s Pain Potty Position Personal

11. Patient Safety GoalImprove Communication – Among Caregivers Call Critical Test Results Promptly • Critical (emergent) test results have been defined by the lab. These test results include critical values for blood glucose testing. • Critical values that are new, unchanged after intervention or worsening are immediately called to the provider. • Student Role: Notify the Primary RN immediately if a critical value is obtained when performing blood glucose testing. • Document: Date/time of notification; Who was notified; Value reported; Readback obtained (RBO)

12. Patient Safety GoalImprove Communication – Among Caregivers • CheckSafety Arm Bands – look for these high alert arm bands • Applied to same limb; exception: limb restriction applied to affected limb. • Allergy Band: everyone one gets an allergy band! If no allergies, write NKA on the band. DO NOT list allergies on the band. • DNR Band: optional - patient may declineto wear armband. If declined, inform patient that without the communication band we may not be able to comply with their preferences. • Document application / removal in nurses notes.

13. Patient Safety GoalImprove Recognition/Response to Changes in Patient Condition Rapid Response Team • When to Call: Concern about worsening patient condition: airway/breathing problems, neuro changes, circulation problems • Student Role: If possible, check with the primary RN or Charge RN immediately for change in patient condition before calling RRT. • How to Call: Page Administrative Supervisor on pager #444-5242. Enter extension number followed by “911” (i.e.2000911) • Who Responds: Admin Sup, CC / ED RN, RCP and ED physician if available

14. Patient Safety GoalPrevent Hospital Acquired Conditions Hospital Acquired Conditions Pressure Ulcers Falls Deep Vein Thrombosis The Center for Medicare Services (CMS) has identified a number of hospital – acquired conditions that are high cost or high volume or both and could reasonably be prevented with implementation of evidenced-based practice guidelines. Occurrence of these conditions can significantly impact patient quality of life as well as hospital reimbursement for care. Current care guidelines are described on the following slides.

15. Patient Safety GoalPrevent Hospital Acquired Conditions – FALLS Prevent Patient Falls • Who Is At Risk: patient with • History of falls • Unsteady gait; poor balance, use of ambulatory aid • Multiple health problems e.g. diabetes, lung disease, heart problems • Mental status – overestimates or forgets limitations

16. Patient Safety GoalPrevent Hospital Acquired Conditions – FALLS Standard Interventions for All Patients • Maintain Safe Environment: • Adequate lighting in room – night lite or bathroom lite as indicated • Room Free of Clutter / Obstructions / trip hazards • Bed in low position, wheels locked. • Call light within reach • Personal, frequently used objects within reach • Monitor • Round Frequently (every 1-2 hours) • Be Alert - investigate noises in patient areas • Directly (visual observation) or indirectly (within hearing) supervise patient while in bathroom • Other • Provide non-skid foot ware • Obtain assist devices normally used by patient.

17. Patient Safety GoalPrevent Hospital Acquired Conditions – FALLS Interventions for High Risk Patient Communicate Risk: Yellow armbands and Fall Risk signage Implement actions to prevent falls Assist out of bed/chair Use of mobility devices Do not leave patient unattended in bath room – keep within arms reach Use Safety Devices Activate Bed alarms: verify bed connected to call light system and bed alarm activated

18. Patient Safety GoalPrevent Hospital Acquired Conditions – Pressure Ulcers Prevent Pressure Ulcers • Who is At Risk: patients with • Limited ability to change or control body position • Inadequate food intake • Sensory impairment in extremities; limited responsiveness • Bed bound or chair bound – not ambulating • Skin frequently moist due to urine or stool

19. Patient Safety GoalPrevent Hospital Acquired Conditions – Pressure Ulcers • Promptly Report to RN: • Observed red/pink areas or skin breakdown especially over bony prominences or under devices e.g. nasal cannulas, SCDs, anti-embolic hose etc.

20. Patient Safety GoalPrevent Hospital Acquired Conditions – Pressure Ulcers • Preventive Interventions- Save Our Patients Skin

21. Patient Safety GoalPrevent Hospital Acquired Conditions – VTE • What is VTE: • Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a blood clot that forms in the deep veins (DVT), breaks off and travels in the veins to the lungs. It can become a life-threatening pulmonary embolism (PE). • Who is at Risk: • Older patient • Major surgery; orthopedic surgery • Immobility • Trauma • Central line • Obesity • Positive history for DVT or PE • If at High Risk: • Sequential Compression Devices (SCDs): If ordered, ensure they are correctly applied and turned on when in bed and up in chair; • Anti-Embolic Hose: if ordered, remove every shift x 30 minutes; monitor skin for breakdown

22. Patient Safety GoalIdentify Patient Safety Risk - Suicide Suicide of a patient while in a staffed, round-the-clock care setting is a frequently reported type of sentinel event. • Who is at Risk:appropriate patients are assessed for mental illness, chemical impairment, suicidal ideation or judgment deficits that pose risk of harm to self or others. • Safety Precautions: Depending on Assessed Risk Level, Precautions May Include: • Frequent close observation; sitter if indicated • Maintain safe environment: removal of equipment and supplies and objects from patient room that could be used for self harm; use of plastic utensils and paper goods. • Provide prevention information (crisis hotline) at time of discharge.

23. Patient Safety GoalPrevent Wrong Site/Procedure/Person Surgery The Universal Protocol Elements: apply to all settings including bedside procedures where consent is required. • Pre-Procedure Verification: verify the following • Signed consent which matches physician order • Updated history and physical; pre-anesthesia assessment • Diagnostic test results available • Procedure prep requirements met • Any required blood products, implants devices and/or special equipment available • SCIP measures met e.g. antibiotics given • Surgical Site Marking • Required for all incisions, punctures and insertions • Performed by Surgeons or Proceduralist • Involves patient • Permanent marker used to write initials near surgical site; Visible after draping

24. Patient Safety GoalPrevent Wrong Site/Procedure/Person Surgery • Procedural Time Out • Every one participates • Correct patient, procedure, consent, • Correct position/site/side; visible site mark • Antibiotics given; prep agent and fire risk score; safety precautions for patient history/med use taken • Relevant images and results • Implants, blood /blood products and special equipment available if applicable

25. Recognition / Prevention – Malnutrition/Aspiration • Risk Factors • Unintentional weight loss • Weight loss quantity • Decreased appetite • Malnutrition and Aspiration • Who is at Risk: patients are screened on admission for the risk factors shown at right. • Measures to Reduce Risk: • Assist patients with meals as indicated; • Provide / encourage consumption of supplements etc. • Document diet intake – if it isn’t documented we cannot evaluate how are patient is doing.

26. Infection Recognition - Sepsis/Severe Sepsis • What is Sepsis: Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening complication of an infection. It occurs when chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight infection trigger inflammation throughout the body. Inflammation can damage multiple organ systems, causing them to fail. If sepsis progresses to septic shock, blood pressure drops dramatically, which may lead to death. Early recognition and treatment of sepsis is essential. • Sepsis Screening is completed on Admission and Every Shift by the RN

27. Infection Recognition - Sepsis/Severe Sepsis • Your Role: Promptly report to the RN vital sign changes that match sepsis criteria. SIRS* Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

28. Adverse Event Prevention – Tubing Misconnections • The Problem The following events were reported by the Food and Drug Administration. • Blood pressure tubing connected to IV line by family member – patient died. • IV tubing connected to nasal cannula – patient went into CHF. • IV tubing connected to feeding tube by family member – no harm as identified quickly. • Feeding tube connected to trach tube – patient died. • IV Tubing connected to trach cuff – patient died. • Oxygen tubing attached to IV tubing – patient died.

29. Adverse Event Prevention – Tubing Misconnections • The Solution • Increase lighting in a darkened room before connecting or reconnecting tubes or devices. • Trace the tube or catheter from the patient to point of origin. • Do NOT force connections • Never use a standard luer-lock syringe for oral medications or enteric feedings – use slip tip syringe. • Reconcile lines as part of handoff with change of shift, patient transfer, return from procedure. • Patient / family education – DO NOT connect or disconnect lines. Get help!

30. Adverse Event Prevention • Use Tubing Labels • Place label on the tubing adjacent to the connection site – where tubing connects to patient • Continue to use IV Tubing Change Stickers (Mon, Tues etc.)

31. RESTRAINTS Section 2

32. RESTRAINTIndications for Use Non Violent Behavior Attempting to pull out tubes, drains, or other lines medically necessary for treatment and is unable to comply with safety instructions Attempting to get out of bedandunsteady gait – at risk of falling and is non compliant with safety instructions. Violent, Self Destructive Behavior Physically assaultive to others or is highly agitated and assaultive behavior is pre-eminent e.g. Code Grey - type individuals Physically harmful to self (i.e. attempting suicide, self-mutilation, hurting self, etc.) Patient behaviors that may lead to the use of restraints fall into two categories as described below:

33. RESTRAINTIndications for Use Before restraints can be initiated for these patient at-risk behaviors: Causal Factors are Considered: Identify medical problems that could be causing behavioral changes e.g. increased temp, hypoxia, low blood sugar, electrolyte imbalance, drug-drug interactions Alternatives Considered / Attempted: Hiding tubes/lines, frequent rounding, reorientation, family intervention, companionship, mobility, distraction e.g. folding wash cloths; use of alarm devices Physician Order is Obtained: onlyRN’s or Physicians can initiate use of restraints;

34. RESTRAINTPlan of Care – Student Role Non Violent • Observe for safety Q60 minutes • Monitor/Assess Every 2 Hours Monitor / Assess for: • Observe for Check device for correct application – doing no harm • Remove device and provide ROM • Provide for personal care needs – toileting, food, fluids, pain medication • Take vital signs as ordered- Promptly report any changes or concerns to RN • Self Violent, Destructive • Observe for safety the patient Q15 minutes • Monitor/Assess Every 1 Hour

35. RESTRAINT Devices / Safe Application General Guidelines: Proper body alignment Call button can be used Patient’s head is free to rotate when in the supine position. When possible, head of bed slightly elevated to reduce risk of aspiration. Secure straps to bed or chair frame out of the patient’s reach using quick-release ties. DO NOT secure to mattress or side rail Side Rails Three side rails up equals safety Four side rails up equals restraint except for situations such as seizure precautions, age appropriate, pre/post anesthetic/sedative meds, vest restraint usage. Note: gap in side rails must be covered when used with vest.

36. RESTRAINT Devices / Safe Application Wrist Restraints Apply Correctly: Allow one finger width between skin and device to ensure adequate circulation Remember to remove restraint and provide ROM every 2 hours. Monitor Use: soft tissue not too tight cutting of blood flow, causing limb swelling or skin abrasions. Vest Restraints Ensure right size and fit: Must fit at the waist and enable one flat hand to easily go under waist band. Apply correctly: Opening in the back; DO NOTcriss-cross straps directly behind patient; side rails up with gap pads Monitor Use: device not “choking” patient or impairing breathing

37. Abuse, Assault and Neglect Reporting Section 3

38. Abuse, Assault, Neglect Reporting • Who has Duty to Report? • All physicians and health care providers • What Must be Reported: • Abuse of Patients Received from Licensed Health Facilities • Abuse of Elders and Dependant Adults • Child Abuse • Sexual Assault • Adult Patient Abuse or Assault (includes spousal and domestic abuse)

39. Abuse, Assault, Neglect Reporting • How to Identify Possible Victims • Consider the possibility when: THE PATIENT: • History is incompatible with injuries. • Has unusual injuries and/or unexplained bruises, lacerations, fractures or multiple injuries in various stages of healing. • Presents with malnutrition or dehydration (not illness related), failure to thrive and/or poor physical hygiene. • Has repeated ER visits, hospitalizations or a history of prior physical abuse. • Delayed in seeking medical care. THE PARENT / SPOUSE / CAREPROVIDER: • Refuses to leave the patient’s presence despite the patient’s wishes. • Offers conflicting, unconvincing or no explanation for patient’s injury. • Delayed in getting medical care for the patient. Action to Take Notify the primary RN immediately of your suspicions.