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Reductions

Reductions. Sentence level The content words are usually emphasized. Structure words are reduced Words are linked Word level In every English word with more than one syllable, one syllable is stressed the most Stressed vowels are extra long

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Reductions

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  1. Reductions • Sentence level • The content words are usually emphasized. • Structure words are reduced • Words are linked • Word level • In every English word with more than one syllable, one syllable is stressed the most • Stressed vowels are extra long • Most unstressed vowels are reduced (extra short). A reduced vowel is called schwa.

  2. ReductionsA Review of the Basic Rules • First vowels We [y]agree. Go [w]on. • t + y = tʃ I’ll let you know • d + y = d ʒCould you tell? • s + y = ʃYes, you are. • z + y = ʒ How’s your family? • Silent h Is he? Give her one.

  3. Reduced t • tt - It took Tim ten times to try the telephone. • td - Put all the data in the computer. • tstop - He’s forgotten the carton of satin mittens. • tnull - She’s at the international center.

  4. Specific reductions - vowels • a  ə You need a break. • and  n We learned by trial and error. • can  kn Can I help you? • in  ən It’s in the bag. • an  ən It’s an easy mistake to make. • of  ə(v) Get out of here. Some of them. • one  wn Which one is better? • some  sm Could we get some other ones?

  5. Specific reductions - words with r • or  r Soup or salad? • for  fr For here or to go? • from  frm There’s a call from Bob. • are  r The kids are still asleep. • your  yr Is this your car?

  6. Specific reductions – more vowels • to  t We have to go now. • to  d Let’s go to lunch. • the  ð Who’s the boss around here? • the  ðiː We need the other one. • that  ðt It’s the one that we need. • had  d Bill had forgotten again. • would  wd Would you like some more? • was  wz She was very clear. • what  wt What time is it?

  7. Categorize the t’s • There are many, many urban areas in the world, where anywhere between twenty and sixty percent of the water that is delivered disappears. No one knows where it goes. Well we sort of know, but we don't have a way of keeping track of it. That is either because we have leaks, or because people have tapped into the pipelines and nobody knows they've tapped in. There are a variety of reasons. In the US, particularly in the Eastern US in our older cities, there's substantial leakage from the pipelines. Twenty percent is a low number for a place like Philadelphia or New York or Washington DC.

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