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Organic Chemistry Functional Groups Overview

Understand the classification and properties of key functional groups in organic compounds, such as alcohols, amines, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. Learn about their structures, nomenclature, and typical reactions. Dive into the world of macromolecules and polymerization reactions.

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Organic Chemistry Functional Groups Overview

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  1. Outline 1/17/07 • Announcements • Pick up CAPA sets #3 - outside • Summer Research Mtg @ 6:30pm • Today: Chapter 13: Organic nomenclature Functional Groups Polymer reactions…

  2. Questions: DISCUS posts = 82% CAPA set #1 = 100% Good job. Why is FPD constant in lab = 8.0 °C/m?

  3. Quiz #1 • Please put your books & notes away • If you don’t have a calculator, set the problem up correctly for full credit… • Periodic table on the back Turn it over when you are done.

  4. Quiz #1 • Please turn the quiz over and pass it to your right.

  5. Quiz #1 • What did we learn from that? “like dissolves like…” BPE: DT = Kbmi First semester material is assumed…nomenclature, mole calculations, etc…

  6. Functional Groups • Carbon combines with other atoms (mainly H, N, O, S and halogens) to form “functional groups” • Sites of typical reactions • Used to classify organic compounds • Serve as a basis for naming compounds

  7. Functional Groups • Alcohols are organic compounds whose functional group is the hydroxyl group(or..-OH) typically bonded to a tetrahedral carbon (i.e., four single bonds).

  8. Ethyl Alcohol H H C C O H H H H

  9. Ethyl Alcohol H H C C O H H H H The hydroxyl functional group

  10. Ethyl Alcohol H H C C O H H H H Note that it’s attached to a tetrahedral carbon

  11. Ethyl Alcohol H H s s s C C O H H s H H Four single s-bonds

  12. Ethyl Alcohol Structural formula H H C C O H H H H The condensed structural formula for ethyl alcohol is

  13. Ethyl Alcohol Structural formula H H C C O H H H H The condensed structural formula for ethyl alcohol isCH3CH2OH

  14. Ethyl Alcohol Structural formula H H C C O H H H H The condensed structural formula for ethyl alcohol is CH3CH2OH

  15. Ethyl Alcohol Structural formula H H C C O H H H H The condensed structural formula for ethyl alcohol is CH3CH2OH

  16. Ethyl Alcohol Structural formula H H C C O H H H H The condensed structural formula for ethyl alcohol is CH3CH2OH

  17. Ethyl Alcohol Structural formula H H C C O H H H H The condensed structural formula for ethyl alcohol is CH3CH2OH The molecular formula isC2H6O

  18. Classification of Alcohols • Classified depending on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the -C-OH H H CH3 - C - OH CH3 - C - OH H CH3 CH3 CH3 - C - OH CH3

  19. Classification of Alcohols • Classified depending on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the -C-OH H H CH3 - C - OH CH3 - C - OH H CH3 CH3 Primary (1o) CH3 - C - OH CH3

  20. Classification of Alcohols • Classified depending on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the -C-OH H H CH3 - C - OH CH3 - C - OH H CH3 CH3 Primary (1o) Secondary (2o) CH3 - C - OH CH3

  21. Classification of Alcohols • Classified depending on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the -C-OH H H CH3 - C - OH CH3 - C - OH H CH3 CH3 Primary (1o) Secondary (2o) CH3 - C - OH CH3 Tertiary (3o)

  22. Amines • The functional group of an amine is an amino group - a nitrogen atom bonded to one, two or three carbon atoms • Really just ammonia, NH3, with one, two or three hydrogens replaced by a bond to a carbon atom

  23. Amines H H H - N-H CH3 H - N - H : : methylamine (a 1o amine) ammonia H CH3 CH3 H-N-H CH3 CH3 H-N-H CH3 : : dimethylamine (a 2o amine) trimethylamine (a 3o amine)

  24. Aldehydes and Ketones • Aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl group, C=O • In an aldehyde, the carbonyl group is terminal -bonded to a hydrogen, a -CHO group • In a ketone, the carbonyl group is internal - bonded between two carbon atoms

  25. Aldehydes and Ketones terminal carbonyl bonded to an H atom H H O H O H H - C - C - C - H H - C - C - C - H H H H H propanaldehyde acetone

  26. Aldehydes and Ketones Internal carbonyl bonded to two C atoms H H O H O H H - C - C - C- H H - C -C- C - H H H H H propanaldehyde (an aldehyde) acetone (a ketone)

  27. Aldehydes and Ketones Condensed structural formula for propanaldehyde would be written as CH3CH2CHO or CH3CH2CH=O H H O H O H H - C - C - C- H H - C -C- C - H H H H H propanaldehyde (an aldehyde) acetone (a ketone) Condensed structural formula for acetone would be written as CH3COCH3

  28. carbonyl + hydroxyl = carboxyl O O = = - C - -OH - C -OH Carboxylic Acids • Organic acids contain a carboxyl group …. -COOH • It’s a combination of a carbonyl (C=O) and a hydroxyl (-OH) group

  29. Carboxylic Acids • The carboxyl group always terminates a chain of carbon atoms O = CH3 - CH2 - C - OH propanoic acid

  30. Carboxylic Acids • The carboxyl group always terminates a chain of carbon atoms O = CH3 - CH2 - C - OH propanoic acid Simplest condensed structural formula would be written as CH3CH2COOH or CH3CH2CO2H

  31. Carboxylic Acids • The carboxyl group always terminates a chain of carbon atoms O = CH3 - CH2 - C - OH propanoic acid Today’s factoid: Propanoic acid gives sharp cheddar cheese its bite!

  32. Macromolecules • Macromolecule: a molecule consisting of a large number (several hundred) of atoms • Poly mer: A class of macromolecules. • Monomer: small molecules linked together to form polymers. many

  33. Chemical Polymerization Reactions There are four types of chemical polymerization reactions: • Free Radical Polymerizations. • Condensation Polymerizations. • Cationic Polymerizations. • Anionic Polymerizations. Only type 1 and 2 polymerizations in Chapter 13…

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