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Objectives of this presentation

UIS activities in the collection and analysis of STI indicators and o verview of data for Central Asia. CENTRAL ASIAN SUB-REGIONAL CONSULTATION MEETING ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION (STI) STATISTICS AND INDICATORS Tashkent, Uzbekistan 4-5 November 2010. Objectives of this presentation.

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Objectives of this presentation

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  1. UIS activities in the collection and analysis of STI indicators and overview of data for Central Asia CENTRAL ASIAN SUB-REGIONAL CONSULTATION MEETING ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION (STI) STATISTICS AND INDICATORS Tashkent, Uzbekistan4-5 November 2010

  2. Objectives of this presentation • Present the work that UIS does to support the collection and analysis of STI indicators in developing countries • Provide an overview of the availability of STI indicators worldwide and in the region

  3. UIS is the UN lead agency for S&T statistics Official S&T data source for: • UN Statistical Division: UN Statistical Year Book • UNDP: Human Development Report • World Bank: World Development Indicators • UNESCO Reports: • UNESCO Science Report • UNESCO World Report - Towards Knowledge Societies • International Report on S&T and Gender

  4. UNESCO Science Report 2010 • To be released 10 November 2010 • Uses many of our data • Contains a Statistical Annex prepared by the UIS

  5. UIS Strategy on S&T statistics International Review of S&T Statistics & Indicators 2002-03 Resulting priorities: • Immediate term: • R&D personnel & expenditure • Human resources devoted to S&T • Science education & Higher education • International mobility • Gender • Medium term: Innovation data • Just started! • Longer term: Output & Impact

  6. Lines of action • S&T survey operation and data guardianship • Training in S&T statistics: workshops & other training activities • Standard setting and methodological developments • Analysis and publications

  7. 1. S&T Survey operation and data guardianship • Global survey on statistics of science & technology • Global database on S&T Statistics • Data dissemination: on the UIS website and through contributions to other agencies • Scoping study of innovation surveys carried out worldwide • 2011: pilot survey of innovation data

  8. Survey on Statistics of Science & Technology • Biennially. • 2004, 2006 and 2008 S&T surveys completed. • 4th round launched in June 2010. • Results released on UIS website (http://stats.uis.unesco.org ). • OECD and Eurostat provide data for their Member States. RICYT provides data for Latin America. • UIS keeps direct contact with national S&T statisticians.

  9. Data collection R&D Personnel • By sector of employment, occupation, qualification, and field of science • In headcount and FTE • By gender R&D Expenditure • By sector of performance and source of funds • New: by type of activity and field of science

  10. UIS 2006 and 2008 Surveys on R&D:response rates & published data

  11. Respondents to the UIS S&T questionnaires from CIS

  12. Number of researchers worldwide Source: UIS estimates, August 2010

  13. Which countries host the greatest number of researchers?Number of researchers, 2007 or latest available year Source: UIS, August 2010 Note: +1 = 2008, -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005. Data in this graph are based on FTE data.

  14. What are the national research densities? Researchers per million inhabitants, 2007 or latest available year 0–100 per million 101–300 per million 301–1000 per million 1001–2000 per million 2001 per million and above Data not available Note: Data in this map are based on FTE. However, figures in headcounts (HC) were considered for the following countries since the FTE figures were not available: Armenia; Azerbaijan; Bangladesh; Belarus; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Central African Rep.; Cuba; Dem. Rep. of the Congo; El Salvador; Gabon; Gambia; Georgia; Guinea; Honduras; Jordan; Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Libya; Mauritius; Mongolia; Montenegro; Nauru; Nicaragua; Nigeria; Peru; Saint Lucia; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; Saudi Arabia; Sudan; Tajikistan; Trinidad and Tobago; Uganda; U.S. Virgin Islands; and Zambia. This has to be taken into account when interpreting the data. Source: UIS, August 2010

  15. Researchers per million inhabitants in CIS, 2007 or latest available year 0–100 per million 101–300 per million 301–1000 per million 1001–2000 per million 2001 per million and above Data not available

  16. The gender gap in science.Women as a share of total researchers,2007 or latest available year 0%–30% 30.1%–45% 45.1%–55% 55.1%–70% 70.1%–100% Data not available Source: UIS, August 2010 Note: Data in this map are based on HC, except for Congo and India (based on FTE).

  17. R&D Personnel, CIS, 2007 or last available year Source: UIS S&T Database, 2009. FTE: Full-time equivalents, HC: Head count instead of Full-time equivalent, * Based on partial data

  18. Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) worldwide Source: UIS estimates, August 2010

  19. GERD by region

  20. World’s top 10 leaders in R&D investmentGERD (‘000 PPP$), 2007 or latest available year Note: +1 = 2008. Source: UIS, August 2010

  21. A snap-shot of R&D intensity.Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) as a percentage of GDP, 2007 or latest available year 0.00%–0.25% 0.26%–0.50% 0.51%–1.00% 1.01%–2.00% 2.01% and above Data not available Source: UIS, August 2010

  22. GERD as a percentage of GDP in CIS, 2007 or latest available year 0.00%–0.25% 0.26%–0.50% 0.51%–1.00% 1.01%–2.00% 2.01% and above Data not available Source: UIS S&T database 2007 and estimates

  23. Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) indicators in CIS, 2007 or latest available year Source: UIS S&T Database, 2009 * Based on partial data

  24. A breakdown of R&D investment in the Americas.GERD by sector of performance, 2007 or latest available year Source: UIS, August 2010 Note: +1 = 2008, -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -5 = 2002.

  25. A breakdown of R&D investment in Europe.GERD by sector of performance, 2007 or latest available year Source: UIS, August 2010 Note: +1 = 2008, -1 = 2006, -3 = 2004.

  26. A breakdown of R&D investment in Africa, Asia and the Pacific. GERD by sector of performance, 2007 or latest available year Source: UIS, August 2010 Note: +1 = 2008, -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -5 = 2002.

  27. A breakdown of researchers in the Americas.Researchers by sector of employment, 2007 or latest available year Note: +1 = 2008, -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -4 = 2003, -5 = 2002. Data in this graph are based on FTE data (* based on HC data). Source: UIS, August 2010

  28. A breakdown of researchers in Europe.Researchers by sector of employment, 2007 or latest available year Note: +1 = 2008, -1 = 2006, -3 = 2004. Data in this graph are based on FTE data (* based on HC data). Source: UIS, August 2010

  29. A breakdown of researchers in Africa, Asia and the Pacific.Researchers by sector of employment, 2007 or latest available year Note: +1 = 2008, -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -4 = 2003, -5 = 2002, -6 = 2001, -7 = 2000, - 10 = 1997. Data in this graph are based on FTE data (* based on HC data). Source: UIS, August 2010

  30. Funding in the Americas.GERD by source of funds, 2007 or latest available year Source: UIS, August 2010 Notes: +1 = 2008, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -5 = 2002.

  31. Funding in Europe.GERD by source of funds, 2007 or latest available year Source: UIS, August 2010 Note: +1 = 2008, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -4 = 2003, -5 = 2002

  32. Funding in Africa, Asia and the Pacific.GERD by source of funds, 2007 or latest available year Source: UIS, August 2010 Note: +1 = 2008, -1 = 2006, -2 = 2005, -3 = 2004, -5 = 2002, -6 = 2001.

  33. Quality of data Efficient use of resources Validity and reliability Consistency over time and space Relevance to policy Accessibility and affordability Potential for disaggregation Comparability through standards Currency and punctuality Coherence across sources Clarity and transparency

  34. 2. Capacity building There are many problems: • Lack of understanding of importance of S&T (indicators) • Lack of political will and action • Lack of coordination • Lack of trained personnel • High staff turnover

  35. Capacity building (2) Measurement problems: • Measuring “real effort” (full-time equivalents) • Private sector R&D • Budget data vs. surveys • Role of foreign entities

  36. S&T statistics workshops • Increase the number of countries regularly producing quality S&T indicators. • Create local capacities and establish sustainable local S&T statistics systems. • Promote the use of S&T indicators for evidence-based S&T policy making. • Share experiences with other developing countries and address problems. • Gain knowledge about the particular characteristics of S&T statistics data. • Demonstrate good practices in other countries of the region.

  37. UIS S&T Statistics workshops 2005: Uganda, India 2006: Indonesia, Senegal, Kazakhstan 2007: Tunisia, FYR of Macedonia, Jordan, Brazil, Russia, Cameroon 2008: Oman, Cambodia, Botswana 2009: Kenya, Egypt 2010: Mali, Syria, Uzbekistan, Nepal But also contributing to similar workshops of partner organisations (e.g. RICYT, NEPAD)

  38. Countries that have participated in UNESCO S&T statistics workshops 2005-2009 Countries and territories covered Countries and territories covered but absent Countries and territories not yet covered Countries and territories not targeted

  39. Results of workshops • Increased response rate – non-responding countries learn how to do it from UIS and neighbours. • Immediate problems solved. • Increased data quality – improved understanding of application of international standards. • Face to face contacts = more effective networking. • Inputs to UIS programme development.

  40. 3. Standard setting/methodological developments • Careers of Doctoral Holders – CDH (since 2004) • Measuring Innovation in Developing countries: Annex to the Oslo Manual (2005) • Will be presented separately • Measuring R&D in Developing Countries: Technical Guide and Annex to the Frascati Manual (2010) • Will be presented separately

  41. The careers of doctorate holders survey (CDH) • A joint project with the OECD and Eurostat. • Methodology developed “from scratch”. • Aimed both at developed and developing countries. • With participation from experts from both developed and developing countries. • Promoting the methodology by encouraging developing countries to conduct such surveys and produce cross-nationally comparable statistics on careers of doctorate holders.

  42. Relevance of the CDH project • Focus on the crucial role of highly qualified individuals who represent a key to the production, application and transmission of knowledge. • Statistics on the global trends in human resources for Science and Technology (HRST) very weak. • Quality and comparability of international data on migration is particularly weak. • Diversity of data collection methods hinders international comparability, and does not provide information on career paths and mobility patterns.

  43. Objectives of CDH Objectives: • To design an internationally comparable tool for tracking the careers of doctorates holders and highly qualified people in different countries. • To collect and exchange information on the career paths of holders of doctorates from existing data sources and the new survey tool.

  44. CDH toolkit Components: • Model questionnaire and Instruction Manual • Output tables and variables definitions • Methodological guidelines • Bridge table model questionnaire - output tables See: http://www.uis.unesco.org/ev.php?URL_ID=5219&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201 and www.oecd.org/sti/cdh

  45. CDH modules • Doctoral Education (EDU) • Early Career Research positions (ECR) • Employment situation (EMP) • International mobility (MOB) • Career-related experience (CAR) • Personal characteristics (PER)

  46. 4. Some publications • Data publicly available at: www.uis.unesco.org • UIS Publications (can be downloaded from the UIS website): • S&T Bulletin 1 – Investment in R&D; • S&T Bulletin 2 – Bibliometric Indicators; • S&T Bulletin 3 – Women in Science • Fact sheet: R&D statistics (recently updated) • UNESCO Science Report 2010 (out in November) • International Report on Science, Technology and Gender 2007 • UNESCO World Report • History of Science Statistics at UNESCO • Paper on ‘current status of International Science statistics for Africa’ in African Statistical Journal

  47. UNESCO HQs World Bank Eurostat AU-NEPAD ADB ATPS ISDB EU-Medibtikar IDRC (Canada) IRD (France) UNESCO offices worldwide OECD RICYT (Latin America) ALECSO Arab Academy of Science ISESCO Inter-Academy Council INRS (Quebec, Canada) ASEAN Collaborations / Partnerships

  48. Way forward • There is still a lot to do! • UIS needs to keep direct contact with statisticians: Quality and relevance. • Countries to establish sustainable S&T statistics systems, involving line ministries (S&T Ministries or Research Councils) and National Statistical Offices. • Looking forward to further cooperation.

  49. Thank you! http://www.uis.unesco.org m.schaaper@uis.unesco.org

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