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Malaria

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Malaria

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  1. Malaria (Case Study) Company Name: Home Of Dissertations Website: https://www.dissertationhomework.com Contact Number: +44 7842798340 CONNECT NOW

  2. Malaria

  3. Burden of disease: Malaria is life threatening disease developed by Plasmodium parasites [WHO, 2019] There are five species of Plasmodium who are responsible to cause malaria in human such as Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium knowlesi Plasmodium ovale. Incidence: In India, nine anopheles vectors are reported to be involved in transmitting malaria in different geo-ecological paradigm. In India, 2 millions malaria cases and 100 deaths due to the malaria attack are confirmed. (Eckert e al. 2017). India contributes more than 70% of the total malaria incidence in south East-Asia. Nigeria has shown the highest burden of malaria cases and deaths in ths world. It has topped 30% if the deaths in the world due to malaria. Nigeria has been reported to have 100 million malaria cases with more than 300, 000 deaths per year. Prevalence: India: Malaria has been great concern for India, which enhances the mortality and morbidity rates in this country (Kassimet al. 2016) more than 698 million people in India are highly prevalent occurrence of malaria India accounts for nearly 6% of the malaria cases, 51% global P. vIvax cases and 5% deaths in the world From the report it is seen that the total malaria cases in India is 1.31 million annually. Malaria is proved to be common as major heath issues of people which accounts for most of the cases of mortality and morbidity. Malaria poses risk to more than 97% of the Nigerian people In Nigeria malaria accounts for 30% of the hospitalised children and 60% of the outpatient visits. More than 50% of children of age group 9-59 months in North central and south East areas are highly prevalent to malaria

  4. Burden of mortality and morbidity: India: Out of 35 countries, India accounts for 96% of malaria cases in world (Frigatiet al. 2018) • It accounts for 98% of eth total malaria cases in the world • It is one of the three countries that contributes 97% of the deaths and infectious cases due to malaria in South East Asia. • 2014 lancet study shows that, there are 2 lakh deaths due to malaria in India • National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme has reported that there are 9,778 deaths in India in the last decades due to malaria.

  5. contd Nigeria: • Nigeria represents more than 25% of the malaria burden in Africa (McCord et al. 2017) • It is reported to have 110 million medically diagnosed malaria cases in every year • Malaria in Nigeria contributes to 11% of maternal mortality and 31% of hospitalised children below 5 years

  6. Ways to mitigate malaria: • Nigeria: • U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) supports Nigeria in providing four key interventions to control and prevent malaria. The interventional are as follows: • Indoor residual spraying (IRS) • The promotion of insecticide treated mosquito nets (ITNs) (Rupérez, et al. 2016) • Diagnosis and treatment • Intermittent preventive treatment for pregnant women (IPT) • Prevention program conducted by eh Nigerian government focusing on distribution of bed nets which is known as Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINS) • Health communication program on awaking people in Nigeria about the mode of malaria and is outcomes on health • Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) is associated with spraying insecticides into eh inner wall and garbage areas within the home • Intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) is associated with providing at least two dose of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) to pregnant women in order to protect them from malaria outcomes • India: National Strategic Plan (NSP) for eradication of malaria in India, which target ti make India malaria free by 2030 •  National Malaria Eradication Program (NMEP) which is developed in 1958, focuses on making all the rural and urban areas in India malaria free • National Anti-malaria Program that assist health professional and community health carec council to provide proper drugs and healthcare facilities to protect people from mortality nadd morbidity due to malaria • National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme focuses on destroys the larvae of anopheles mosquito by spraying the insecticides.

  7. Reference list • Eckert, E., Florey, L.S., Tongren, J.E., Salgado, S.R., Rukundo, A., Habimana, J.P., Hakizimana, E., Munguti, K., Umulisa, N., Mulindahabi, M. and Karema, C., 2017. Impact evaluation of malaria control interventions on morbidity and all-cause child mortality in Rwanda, 2000–2010. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 97(3_Suppl), pp.99-110. • Kassim, S.A., James, P.B., Alolga, R.N., Assanhou, A.G., Kassim, S.M., Bacar, A., Silai, R., Tian, L., Li, H. and Ma, A., 2016. Major decline in malaria morbidity and mortality in the Union of Comoros between 2010 and 2014: the effect of a combination of prevention and control measures. South African Medical Journal, 106(7), pp.709-714. • Frigati, L., Archary, M., Rabie, H., Penazzato, M. and Ford, N., 2018. Priorities for decreasing morbidity and mortality in children with advanced HIV disease. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 66(suppl_2), pp.S147-S151. • McCord, G.C., Conley, D. and Sachs, J.D., 2017. Malaria ecology, child mortality & fertility. Economics & Human Biology, 24, pp.1-17. • Rupérez, M., González, R., Mombo-Ngoma, G., Kabanywanyi, A.M., Sevene, E., Ouédraogo, S., Kakolwa, M.A., Vala, A., Accrombessi, M., Briand, V. and Aponte, J.J., 2016. Mortality, morbidity, and developmental outcomes in infants born to women who received either mefloquine or sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine as intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy: a cohort study. PLoS medicine, 13(2), p.e1001964.

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