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Liz Alden Wily NRM Political Economist

Measuring Policy Commitment to Community Management of Protected Areas L ooking at East African Forests. Liz Alden Wily NRM Political Economist. The Background. Forests a critical landscape for more than trees Global wave of change in how forests protected and managed

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Liz Alden Wily NRM Political Economist

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  1. Measuring Policy Commitment to Community Management of Protected AreasLooking at East African Forests Liz Alden Wily NRM Political Economist

  2. The Background • Forests a critical landscape for more than trees • Global wave of change in how forests protected and managed • Africa: 40+ of 56 states have new guiding forest policies &/or laws

  3. Laws as Source for Assessment • Precise • Binding • Refine new policy development But – No indicator of implementation

  4. Supporting current legal change since 1990 • Constitutions (c.20) • Land rights (c. 25) • Local government (c. 14) • Environmental management (c. 10)

  5. The East African Case … • Large forest/woodland area (47 million ha) • Diverse forest types: mainly multi-functional woodland (50-96%) • Longstanding government protection strategies (15-48% as Reserves)

  6. Ethiopia - Tanzania - Kenya - Uganda - 1994 + draft 1998 2000 2001 New National Forest Policies

  7. Ethiopia Tanzania Uganda Kenya 1994 + revisions 2002 2003 Bill 2003 New Forest Laws

  8. Estimated Number of Communities Involved? ========== TZ. 2,000 UG. 30+ KE: 20+ ETH: 200+ Estimated Number of Forests Involved? ============ TZ: 1,500+ UG: c.10 KE: c.10 ETH: c.20 CBFM &/Or PFM underway

  9. All four states claim they support community based forest management - But do they? Looking at the laws …

  10. Indicator #1: Does law assure subsistence use of Govt. FR? UGANDA: YES TANZANIA: YES KENYA: YES ETHIOPIA: YES

  11. Indicator #2: Does the law commit to benefit sharing of Govt. FR products/benefits? UGANDA: YES TANZANIA: YES KENYA: YES ETHIOPIA: YES

  12. Indicator #3: Are natural trees on farm now the private property of farmer? UGANDA: YES TANZANIA: YES KENYA: YES ETHIOPIA: YES

  13. Indicator #4: Is community participation promoted in the law? UGANDA: YES TANZANIA: YES KENYA: YES ETHIOPIA: YES

  14. Indicator #5: Does law require that communities help write forest management plans? UGANDA: CONSULTED ONLY TANZANIA: OBLIGATORY & views to be accounted for KENYA: CONSULTED ONLY ETHIOPIA: NO

  15. Indicator #6: If community asks, must Govt. permit community management/co-management? • UGANDA: NO • TANZANIA: YES • KENYA: NO • ETHIOPIA: NO

  16. Indicator #7:Are all protected area classes open to community management? UGANDA: NO TANZANIA: YES KENYA: NO ETHIOPIA: NO

  17. Indicator #8:May a community manage a national Forest Reserve? UGANDA: Co-manager only TANZANIA: YES: autonomously or as co-manager KENYA: YES, by contract ETHIOPIA: Co-manager only

  18. Indicator #9: May communities create, own & manage their own protected forest areas? UGANDA: YES TANZANIA: YES KENYA: NOT PROVIDED FOR ETHIOPIA: NOT PROVIDED FOR

  19. Indicator #10: Do community managers have the power to control who uses the Community Forest? UGANDA: NO TANZANIA: YES KENYA: NOT PROVIDED ETHIOPIA: NO

  20. Indicator #11:Do community managers have right to issue licences & collect fees? UGANDA: ONLY CF TANZANIA: YES, using own bylaws KENYA: NO ETHIOPIA: NO

  21. Indicator #12: Does the law enable a Government PA to be reclassified as a Community Forest? UGANDA: NO TANZANIA: YES KENYA: NO ETHIOPIA: NO

  22. Indicator #13: Are all community members to be considered in management arrangements? UGANDA: USER GROUPS only TANZANIA: YES, legally obliged KENYA: USER GROUPS only ETHIOPIA: UNCLEAR

  23. Indicator #14: Have limitations been placed upon the state taking more customary lands for Forest Reserves? UGANDA: only under Land Act TANZANIA: YES KENYA: NO ETHIOPIA: NO

  24. Indicator #15: Are institutions for CBFM easily put in place? UGANDA: NO (must form new legal TANZANIA: YES (existing Village Councils) KENYA: NO (must form legal body) ETHIOPIA: YES (potentially)

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