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Exploring Chemical Bonding and Fabric Dyeing Techniques

This chapter delves into the principles of chemical bonding, highlighting the roles of ionic and covalent bonds, as well as the significance of valence electrons in atomic interactions. Designed by John Herschel in the 1840s, the chapter also touches on photography and the emergence of blue prints through the use of insoluble compounds like Prussian blue. Additionally, it discusses various fabric dyeing methods, including direct, substantive, vat, and mordanted dyeing, while explaining how different types of dyes interact with various fabrics at the molecular level.

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Exploring Chemical Bonding and Fabric Dyeing Techniques

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  1. Unit 11 Chapter 12 Chemical Bonding

  2. Sunprint Poper Photography Designed by John Herschel In the 1840’s Blue color is caused by an insoluble compound called Prussian blue Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3

  3. High Energy - Low Above is the full electromagnetic spectrum. Humans see only a small portion of it, just the visible region.

  4. The e- in the outer energy level are called valence e-. These e- are involved in bonding one atom to another atom. If the atom is Al, there are 13 p+, 14 n, and 13 e -. 2 e- in the 1st energy level, 8 e- in the 2nd energy level, and 3 e- in the 3rd energy level. The 3 e- in the outer energy level are involved with bonding.

  5. General Rule: All of the elements want to have the same number of electrons as their nearest noble gas neighbor. H He Li Be B ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ O F Ne Na Mg Al ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ S Cl Ar K Ca ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ * * *

  6. Lewis symbols: The symbols represent the nucleus and all inner energy level e-. Dots represent valence e- (the outer energy level e-).

  7. Types of Bonding: • Ionic Bonding – between a metal & non-metal Transfer of e- resulting in a positive ion and a negative ion that are attracted to each other. Metal – valence orbitals are emptied Non – metal – valence orbitals fill to have the configuration of the next Noble gas. The metal (cation) is attracted to the nonmetal (anion) because of opposite charges. [ ]

  8. Bond the following Ionically:Sodium & chlorineMagnesium & chlorineBarium & oxygenAluminum & oxygen

  9. Covalent Bonding: between Non-metals, It is a sharing of e- in such a way as to complete the valence orbitals of both (all) atoms. All atoms end up with the e- configuration of Noble gases. Steps for determining covalent bonding: • Determine the total number of valence e- • Write the skeleton structure and join the atoms in this structure by a single covalent bond. • For each single bond, subtract 2 from the total number of valence e- • With the remaining valence e-, first complete the octets of the terminal atoms, then the central atoms. • If a central atom lacks an octet, form multiple covalent bonds by converting lone – pair e- from terminal atoms into bonding pairs.

  10. Steps for determining covalent bonding:1. Determine the total number of valence e-2. Write the skeleton structure and join the atoms in this structure by a single covalent bond.3. For each single bond, subtract 2 from the total valence e-4. With the remaining valence e-, first complete the octets of the terminal atoms, then the central atoms.5. If a central atom lacks an octet, form multiple covalent bonds by converting lone – pair e- from terminal atoms into bonding pairs. Bond the following: F2 PI3 NH3 O2

  11. Bond the following covalently: H2O N2 CH3CHO

  12. Sometimes the e- are not distributed evenly throughout the molecule. • :O – H • H Molecules that have this appear to have a positive charge on one side, and a negative charge on the other side. d - . . d +

  13. Polar Covalent Bonding: an uneven sharing of e- in a covalent bond. The e- tend to be concentrated around one atom more than the other atom. Which of the above are polar?

  14. Bond Angles : Molecules will bond with specific angles between the bonds. • Determine the covalent bonding on paper • Build the molecule using the molecule kits • Measure the angle of the bonds marked Using the Molecule Model Kits Atoms : Colors Hydrogen : yellow Oxygen : red Carbon : black Nitrogen : blue Chlorine : green Bonds Single -one pair of e-, Use 1 wooden peg Double = two pair of e-, Use 2 springs Triple three pair of e-,Use 3 springs

  15. Fabric Dyeing All groups will complete Part 1 – Direct dyeing : Choose your color Methyl orange, Malachite green, Rainbow mystery either Part 2 -Substantive dyeing or Part 3 -Vat Dyeing Part 4- Mordanted Cloth dyeing : Choose Fe+2 or Cu+2 Use the same color as in part 1 Put the fabric in the beakers to begin, then mix up laundry soap and bleach or acid rinse (check your labs).

  16. Test Fabric Strip • Filament acetate (black line) • SEF (Modacrylic) • Filament Triacetate • Bleached Cotton • Creslan 61 (Acrylic) • Dacron 54 (Polyester) • Dacron 64 (Polyester) • Nylon 66 (Polyamide) • Orlan 75 (Acrylic) • Spun Silk • Polypropylene (Polyolefin) • Vicose (Rayon) • Wool (Worsted)

  17. Dyes & Dyeing Lab How do dyes bond to the fabrics? Silk & Wool – proteins : polar or ionic site Dacron & Orlon : few polar sites Nylon : very few polar sites Easy to dye Hard to dye

  18. The fabric will dye using different types of bonding: Covalent bonding

  19. Ionic bonding

  20. Hydrogen bonding

  21. Using a metal ion to hold the dye to the fabric

  22. Review

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