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Imperialism, Alliances and War

Imperialism, Alliances and War. Ch 26. I. European Imperialism. Imperialism- The policy of extending a nation’s authority by territorial acquisition or by establishing economic and political hegemony over other nations Lenin- “Imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism.”

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Imperialism, Alliances and War

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  1. Imperialism, Alliances and War Ch 26

  2. I. European Imperialism • Imperialism- The policy of extending a nation’s authority by territorial acquisition or by establishing economic and political hegemony over other nations • Lenin- “Imperialism is the monopoly stage of capitalism.” • Believed it was the evidence that a country or system would eventually fail • Overall, Most European countries were seeking new resources and ways to expand their economy • Also helped to build (and sometimes hurt) the economies of less developed nations

  3. I. European Imperialism • Causes for European Imperialism • Europe was more technologically advanced (for the most part) than the rest of the world • In some cases was to seek raw materials for their newly developed industries • Some countries (Germany and Italy) were practicing it because the rest of Europe was doing it • Did not benefit them • Social Darwinism • They are the superior race/culture and it was their right to conquer more territory

  4. I. European Imperialism • How it was practiced • Britain was the leading colonial power • For the most part, was different than the usual take over the land and kick out the natives • Improved rails, roads, communication and industry to better help their own goals • European power would create favorable relations (sometimes by intimidation) with the local rulers • If it didn’t work, they would annex that territory • Protectorate Status- figurehead rule with extensive protection • Sphere’s of influence- special commercial and legal privilege- No outside political involvement

  5. I. European Imperialism • Britain • Major leader in Imperial race • Suez Canal helped aid this • Major involvement in India, Egypt and South Africa • France • Focus was North Africa and Indo-china • Germany • Southern Coastal Africa • Bismarck felt that Europe was more of a concern

  6. I. European Imperialism • United States • Monroe Doctrine 1823 • Western Hemisphere became a US Protectorate • Spanish-American War 1898 • Result of Cuba seeking independence from Spain • US was interested in sugar • Protectorate of Cuba • Annexed Puerto Rico • Bought Philippines and Guam • Eventually led to US annexing Hawaii and Samoa

  7. II. Alliances and Powder Kegs • Jingoism- An aggressive foreign policy that is fueled by extreme patriotism/nationalism • Very strong view that one’s nation is superior • Fueled arms buildups and a heightened tension

  8. II. Alliances and Powder Kegs • Germany • Bismarck was the initial mastermind behind the alliance system • Sought to keep balance of power and protect German territorial holdings • Goal was to make lasting peace with former enemies • Wanted to prevent two front war against France and Russia or France and Austria • 3 Emperor’s League • Germany, Austria and Russia • Fell apart due to Russo-Turkish War (1875) • Russia hoped to eventually unite all Slavs • Some were in Austria and their Balkan territories • Congress of Berlin 1878 ended this alliance and alienated Russia

  9. II. Alliances and Powder Kegs • Dual Alliance 1879-1918 • 5 year renewable treaty between Austria and Germany • Protect each other from Russia • Neutral when any other country was involved • Bismarck thought Russia would not work with France • Eventually leads to another 3 Emperor’s league (1881)

  10. II. Alliances and Powder Kegs • Triple Alliance • Italy joins Dual Alliance (1882) • Feared France • Sought to isolate France • Kaiser William (Wilhelm) II (r. 1888-1918) • Dismissed (forced resignation) Bismarck (1890) • Dismissed for subverting William’s plan to alter an anti-socialist bill • Mostly over an expanded navy and colonization • Led to the end of Bismarck’s alliance system • Germany becomes the enemy

  11. II. Alliances and Powder Kegs • Triple Entente (1890-1907) • Franco-Russian Alliance (1894)- result of Bismarck’s resignation • Wilhelm II tried to rival British power (particularly naval) • Sought to demonstrate worthiness as an ally • Colonized regions of Africa near British holdings • Entente Cordial • A set of British agreements with France against Germany

  12. II. Alliances and Powder Kegs • The Balkans • Known as the Powder Keg • Slavs • Originally under Ottoman control • Areas divided between Austria and Russia in Bosnian Crisis(1908) • Russia got cheated and Serbs were unhappy with being added to Austria • 1st Balkan War (1911) Bulgaria, Greece , Montenegro and Serbia fought against the Ottomans and pushed them back • Serbia started to become a threat to Austria and forced Austria to try to limit their territorial gains. • Serbia and Russia were both embarressd over how the Balkan’s were handled

  13. II. Alliances and Powder Kegs • Serbia • Archduke Franz Ferdinand • Went to Sarajevo (Bosnia) on a PR tour • Assassinated by GavriloPrincip (Black Hand) 6/28/1914 • Austria sought to punish Serbia • Russia vowed to back up their “Slavic Brothers” • Germany vowed to back up Austria-Hungary • Had no choice • Austria waited a month before declaring war on 7/28 • Resulted in Russia mobilizing its forces

  14. III. The War • The War Plan • Every country had pigeon-holed war plan arrangement • Depending on what happened, you would open another section of the plan • Extensive planning (overconfident) on both sides led to an overall stalemate • Germany had a 2 front war • Schlieffen Plan- Quickly overwhelm France and Britain and move on to Russia while they are still trying to mobilize • Russia had a less developed rail system • Didn’t work- led to a stalemate

  15. III. The War • Warfare • Millions died with little or no progress • Entente- Dead 5,712,379 Wounded 12,809,280 • Central – Dead 4,010,241 Wounded 8,419,533 • New Weapons caused high casualties- Old War Tactics • Diseases caused high casualties • Gallipoli • Tried to open supply route to Russia • Gain control of Constantinople

  16. III. The War • Russia • High number of casualties • Aristocratic officers • Poorly trained peasants • Lack of coding in communications • Nicholas II tried to take control of army • He gets blamed • Had to bail on Entente due to Communist uprisings at home • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) Russia officially pulls out of the war • Gives up Poland, Ukraine and the Baltic States

  17. III. The War • Russia • March 1917 • Workers marched on Petrograd and the troops refused to fire on the workers • Nicholas II abdicates his throne • Duma is put back in control • Workers and soldiers organized into Soviets • Executed by Bolsheviks on July 17, 1918 • April 19 • Germany sends Lenin from Switzerland to Petrograd to undermine the Russian Government

  18. III. The War • Russia and the Bolsheviks • Lenin takes over Russia as a dictator after dispersing the newly elected Constituent Assembly • Officially pulls Russia out of the war, sacrificing significant territorial gains • In order to gain stronger control over Russia • Civil War • Between Red Russians (Communist)and White Russians (anti-communist) • 1921- Communism and Lenin had defeated their opposition

  19. III. The War • Home-fronts • Government takes over key industries • Shortages of food and fuel • Rationing • Women in the workforce • Women had to do the job of men • Suffrage in US • Extreme Nationalism • Propaganda • Citizens were very zealous

  20. III. The War • Colonies • Fought on the side of their colonial rulers • Supplied large amounts of raw materials • Japan • Allied with Britain to expel Germany from Shangdong Peninsula • Became an imperial power themselves • East Africa and Ottoman Empire sided with Germans • Ottoman Empire fell apart as a result

  21. III. The War • United States • Joins in 1917 • Helped break the stalemate • Brought into the war after German sub sinks the Lusitania • And the Zimmermann Telegram (1917) • The End • German made a huge advance (March 1918) • Turning point- 2nd Battle of the Marne • Tanks • Spanish Flu • German Surrender (shocked German people) • Armistice Day- Nov 11, 1919 • Versailles Conference 1919- blamed Germany

  22. III. The Aftermath • Terms of peace created by Woodrow Wilson (US), Georges Clemenceau (France) Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (Italy) and David Lloyd George (Britain) • France (Clemenceau) wanted to punish Germany • Take away territory and pay reparations • Wilson- Wanted peace and self-determination for people who wanted freedom • Wanted League of Nations • Did not want to punish Germany • League of Nations

  23. III. The Aftermath • Peace of Paris • Germany had no say- Representatives forced • German territory broken up • Forced to pay reparations- collapsed economy • Austria-Hungary split up • League of Nations • Ignored Japan and its encroachment of Chinese territory • US vetoed League of Nations and made separate treaty with Germany- Even though Wilson signed the Treaty of Versailles

  24. V. Conclusion • WWI was the war to end all wars but actually brings about WWII • Germany felt like they were unfairly punished for the war • After all, they were not the ones who started the war • Gives Hitler a chance to come to power • Communism gained a firm hold in Russia • Women gained more rights • White Supremacy looses hold in colonized holdings

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