1 / 37

Period IV Review

Period IV Review. 1450-1750. Europe. Making sail to great destinations. Major Changes Ahead. New technologies New economic theories/organization Europe takes control of an emerging global economy and power structure. 4 Main Transformations in Thought. Renaissance Reformations

luella
Télécharger la présentation

Period IV Review

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Period IV Review 1450-1750

  2. Europe Making sail to great destinations

  3. Major Changes Ahead • New technologies • New economic theories/organization • Europe takes control of an emerging global economy and power structure

  4. 4 Main Transformations in Thought • Renaissance • Reformations • Scientific Revolution • Enlightenment

  5. The Renaissance • Rebirth of classical civilizations (Greece and Rome) • Humanism- Focus on individual achievement & Greek and Roman Classical thought • Artistic endeavors (Italian and Northern differ) • The printing press and the spread of ideas

  6. The Protestant Reformation • One way to heaven… The Catholic Church! • Martin Luther’s 95 Theses • Christianity splits into new sects • Calvinism, Anabaptist, Lutheran, Church of England

  7. The Catholic (Counter) Reformation • Reaffirmation of beliefs • Minor reforms • No indulgences, consult with clergy, training of priests • Rise of the Jesuits (Ignatius of Loyola) • The Council of Trent (1545-1563)

  8. The Scientific Revolution • Questioning long held traditions and beliefs • New theories on the universe • Galileo, Newton, Kepler, Copernicus • The Scientific Method (observation, experiment, etc.) • YOU MUST PROVE IT, NOT JUST BELIEVE IT!

  9. The Enlightenment • Challenge to methods of rule • Social Contract • Natural Rights • Separation of Power/Checks and Balances

  10. European Exploration Seeking out spice

  11. Perfecting the Art of Exploration • Caravel • Compass • Cartography • Lateen Sail • Astrolabe • Prince Henry the Navigator’s School of Navigation

  12. Where Did They Go? • Portugal goes around Africa • Dias and Da Gama • Spain looks west • Columbus • Treaty of Tordesillas • Portugal gets Brazil and the east • Spain gets the rest of the Americas

  13. Who is In? • England, France and the Netherlands look to North America • Settler colonies established • Portuguese set up trading-post colonies along the Swahili Coast (cannons) and the IOMS • Spanish go on a genocidal campaign against American Empires

  14. The Big Bang • Massive devastation to native populations (smallpox) • Columbian Exchange • Atlantic Slave Trade • Rise of Silver • Massive Demographic Shifts

  15. A New Economy • Atlantic System • Globalized trade and the rise of joint-stock companies and royal charters • Mercantilism • Favorable balance of trade • China and Japan are wary of growing European power

  16. European Countries The Game of Thrones

  17. Spain • Ferdinand and Isabella unite Spain • Charles V (HRE), a Hapsburg, fights everyone • France, the Ottomans, Protestants in Germany, Holy Roman Emperor during the Protestant Reformation • Philip II • Spanish renaissance, Spanish Inquisition, Dutch Revolt (Protestant Netherlands, Catholic Belgium) • Defeat of the Armada

  18. England • Elizabethan Age (1558-1603) • Colonization, joint-stock, arts and lit. • Fighting between Catholics and Protestants • Charles I sparks Parliamentary anger • English Civil War Erupts (1641) • Cromwell, Charles II, James II = Glorious Revolution • English Bill of Rights (1689)

  19. France • Catholics vs. Huguenots • Henry IV’s Edict of Nantes (1598) • Louis XIV “The Sun King” (1643-1715) • Aggressive towards Protestants, Absolute in rule • War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714) • Attempt to balance power in Europe and prevent France and Spain from uniting

  20. The German Areas • Collection of city-states, primarily Protestant • The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) • Political and religious dispute between Protestant territories and the HRE • 1/3 of HRE population was killed • Reduces power of HRE • And increases power of France and Prussia

  21. Africa Victims or Willing Participants?

  22. Growth of African West Coast • Rise of new coastal trade-based centralized states in Kongo, Benin, Angola, and Dahomey • Kongo (Christian) rises with Portuguese trade but can’t control trade; Benin’s Oba controls artisans making bronze and ivories for trade with Europe • Dahomey becomes a powerful slave trading state • Result: The Atlantic System provided opportunities for COASTAL Africans to create centralized states, instead of just interior states that traded in Time Period III via Trans Saharan Trade • Middle Passage = depopulation of MEN, causing shifts in family structures - - MOST people who wound up in the Americas in Period IV were AFRICANS

  23. East Africa • Swahili Coast (E. Africa) shelled by Portuguese canons. • Portuguese attempt to monopolize IOMS trade by force. Unsuccessful attempt

  24. Southern Africa • Dutch colonies appear on the coast of modern South Africa.

  25. Northern Africa • Incorporated into the Ottoman Empire by Suleiman the Magnificent in the early 1500s, including Egypt, a huge producer of grain.

  26. Ming Dynasty China • Ming Dynasty = “Pure” Dynasty, wanted to erase the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty past • Yongle Emperor – WAS outward looking • Sent Zheng He on voyages to reestablish Tribute System • Confucian bureaucrats forced an inward turn after Yongledied – remind China of their fear of pastoralists beyond the northern borders • Art, like in Renaissance Europe, sought to look BACK to a time viewed as glorious in the past.

  27. Qing Dynasty • Ming dealt with overpopulation problems & falling ag productivity. Revolts. Japanese pirates. Blah blah. • Invite the pastoralist ethnic group called Manchus to help them stop the chaos militarily. • Manchus see Ming weakness & take over.

  28. Qing Dynasty • Kangxi & Qianlong Emperors= golden age emperors • China = awesome again • Macartney Mission – wanted trade in 1790s. China rejected & kept their Canton System of trade. • Fighting with Russia on the northern border (Treaty of Nerchinsk, 1688)

  29. Tokugawa Japan • Hideyoshi & then Tokugawa Ieyasu end civil wars of the Feudal period, established a more centralized gov’t (although still pretty decentralized) • Merchants & ag productivity = great economy, rice payments for taxes • Edo, capital city = over 1,000,000 people • Culture = fab. Kabuki theater, tea ceremony, haiku poems, samurai = bureaucrats w/ sachels • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=67-bgSFJiKc

  30. Tokugawa • Alternate Attendance utilized for control • Jesuit Missionaries = 300,000 Christian conversions by 1600 • Tokugawa gov’t feared foreign involvement. ISOLATED Japan almost totally. • Only some Dutch in Nagasaki harbor with VOC could trade.

  31. Southeast Asia • Spice Islands = objective of Portuguese, who established control over the Strait of Malacca • Dutch VOC gained more control around 1600 of Spice Islands (Moluccas) where

  32. Islamic Gunpowder Empires • Founded by Central Asian Turkic nomadic pastoralists (long term had issues keeping this traditional elite happy!) • Coercive with standing armies bearing gunpowder-based weapons • Land-based, like traditional empires • Cost of military = centralization • Institution of the Harem (ladies galore, but who exercised some political power b/c of position) – created demand for female slaves in IOMS system

  33. Ottoman • 1300s – early 1900s, Sunni Muslims • Sultan ruled from Istanbul after conquering Constantinople in 1453 • Allowed diversity through millet system • Manufacturer of luxuries, intersection of Silk Roads & Europe • Janissary & Devshirme systems • Suleiman the Magnificent • Mediterranean naval power

  34. Safavid • 1400s-1500s, TwelverShi’ite Muslims (Hidden Imam) • Presence of Islamic Sufi mystics (venerated Islamic saints) that Muslims didn’t like. • Qizilbash – “red heads” wore turbans, religious fighters for 12er Shi’ism • Ruler = Shah, ruled from Isfahan • Persian rugs, silks, blue & white tiles – Silk Road trade

  35. Mughals • Sunni Muslims, conquered the Delhi Sultanate & ruled over Hindu population • Had to work with Rajput (Hindu Princes) through intermarriage and toleration • Sikhism develops (a religion that mixes Hinduism and Islam) • Cotton Textiles, IOMS trade • French, British trading posts appear on coasts • Akbar = tolerant ruler • TajMahal built by Shah Jahn

  36. Russia!!!  Respond approriately! • Looked a lot more like traditional land-based empires BUT wanted to emulate Europe • Peter & Catherine the Great Westernize • St. Petersburg, Western-style military, Cossack peasants sent to settle Siberia, bureaucracy, shaved beards, Neo-Classical architecture • Serfdom was still super harsh - - lasted until 1861, so most Russian unaffected by Westernization

  37. Big Themes • Centralization • Coercive power of Gunpowder • Globalization 1.0 - - Columbian Exchange & the ecological linking of hemispheres • Europe = mover & actually making $$!  founds trading post colonies AND conquers the Amerindians (you should know several reasons for their success!) • Asia = still dominant (as when China rejects Macartney’s British bid for trade) • Economic innovations like laissez-faire, mercantilism, & joint-stock companies • Zillions of new ways to force labor out of people (mit’a, encomienda, chattel slavery, serfdom, slave-soldiers)

More Related