Geoscience

1. Geoscience Unit 1 – Foundations of Geoscience, Metric System and Earth Chemistry

2. Earth Science/Geoscience What is it? Why should we study it?

3. Who am I and what does Geoscience have to do with it? • Read and highlight the handout “Why Earth Science?” • Answer the following questions (minimum 4-5 sentences per question): 1. Who you are as a person? Tell me about yourself. 2. How does earth science affect you personally? 3. What you are most interested in learning about this year and why?

4. Careers related to Earth Science • If I love Geoscience, what kind of job could I get? • Homework: Research and list 15 different careers related to geoscience/earth science. Write one brief sentence for each describing what the job entails.

5. Some more class foundations • Review class/course expectations • Get to know your textbook

6. Class foundations continued • Shape Up! • Group textbook scavenger hunt

7. Scientific Method Unit One: Scientific Method

8. How Do Scientists Study? Scientific Inquiry always begins with……. OBSERVATION

9. What is science? • Have you ever had a question about how something works? • If you answered yes to this questions than you have behaved in a similar manner as a scientist. Science is about understanding how the universe works and the reasons for why things work the way they do. Science is a body of knowledge and an organized method for finding answers to problems. • Why is Las Vegas so hot and dry? • Why are some lavas that erupt smooth and flat, and others are round and pillow-like?

10. The Scientific Method • The process by which a scientist finds an explanation to an event. It is ONE way of approaching and solving a problem, or answering a question, that is logical and straightforward and can be applied to both everyday situations and specialized research topics.

11. Steps to the Scientific Method • Ask a Question • Do Background Research • Construct a Hypothesis • Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment • AnalyzeYour Data and Draw a Conclusion • Communicate Your Results

12. Steps to the scientific method • Question: What is your purpose? • Research: What is already known about this topic? • Hypothesis:Based on your research what do you predict is going to happen. • Experiment: Test your predictions. • Analyze: Analyze your Data • Conclusion: Make the simplest conclusion possible based on the analysis of your data

13. Must be able to test a hypothesis!!!! • A scientific hypothesis must be testable! • This means there must be a way to prove the hypothesis wrong

14. Are these scientific hypotheses? • Atoms are the smallest particle of matter. • The universe is surrounded by a second universe, the existence of which cannot be detected by scientists. • The Incredible Hulk is the best super-hero ever in the world.

15. A hypothesis that is tested over and over without being contradicted can become a law or principle. All other competing hypotheses must be eliminated for this to occur! • If a scientist finds evidence that contradicts a hypothesis, law, or principle, then the law, hypothesis or principle must be changed or abandoned. • Scientists must accept their findings even if they would like them to be different.

16. Experiments • In experiments we have a control and 2 types of variables • Control is an trial of the experiment that is closest to the natural conditions • Independent variable is the variable the scientists manipulates. • Dependant variable results from the manipulation of the experiment

17. How Do Scientists Study? Scientific Inquiry always begins with……. OBSERVATION It is also an important part of an experiment.

18. VOCABULARY OBSERVATION – use of the senses to gather and record information about structures or processes in nature

19. OBSERVATION QUALITATIVE OBSERVATION – descriptive explanation of quality of something such as shape, color, texture…. Red dot, Oval shaped, Smooth surface

20. OBSERVATION QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATION – of, relating to or involving the measurement of quantity or amount • DATA!!! Mass (50 g), Volume (35 mL),Temperature (25 degrees C), Time (2 hr)

21. Scientific Measurement Collecting data often requires measurement…What can you measure? • Length (distance) • Volume • Mass (weight) • Temperature • Time

22. What is Earth Science? • Earth Science is the name for the group of sciences that deals with Earth and its neighbors in space 4 areas of study • Geology: Study of Earth, its matter, and the processes that form and change Earth • Physical Geology- Study of materials that make up Earth and forces that shape the planet • Historical Geology- Study of physical and biological changes of our planet over time • Meteorology: Study of weather and the forces and processes that cause it. • Astronomy: Study of objects in space • Oceanography: Study of the Earth’s oceans

23. Formation of the Earth • Earth is one of ? planets in our solar system • Earth is believed by scientists to have formed at the same time as the other planets. • Nebular hypothesis- Earth formed from an enormous rotating cloud called the solar nebula. This cloud was made up of mostly hydrogen and helium and very few heavier elements.

24. Density Stratification • Over time the heavier elements sank into the core of the Earth while the lighter, less dense materials floated toward the surface • This led to the division of layers within the Earth system

25. Earth’s Four Spheres • Hydrosphere- The water portion of our planet • Atmosphere- The gaseous portion of our planet • Geosphere- The rocky solid portion of our planet • Further divided into- the core, mantle, and crust • Biosphere-Includes all life on Earth

26. Layers of the Earth

27. Forces That affect our Earth • Destructive Forces- weathering and erosion work to wear away high points and flatten out the surface • Constructive Forces- mountain building and volcanism build up the surface by raising the land and depositing new material in the form of lava

28. Earth as a System • System can be any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole • Earth system is powered by 2 sources • One is the sun- which drives the external processes that occur in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and at Earth’s surface • Second is Earth’s Interior- heat remains in the core and mantle of the Earth from the time it was formed

29. QUESTIONS?

30. Observations An observation is the gathering of information by using our five senses: • Sight • Smell • Hearing • Taste • Touch There are two types of observations: • Qualitative • quantitative

31. OBSERVATION QUALITATIVE OBSERVATION – descriptive explanation of quality of something such as shape, color, texture…. Red dot, Oval shaped, Smooth surface

32. OBSERVATION QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATION – of, relating to or involving the measurement of quantity or amount • DATA!!! Mass (50 g), Volume (35 mL),Temperature (25 degrees C), Time (2 hr)

33. Which is better? • Both types of observations are valuable in science. In an experiment though, quantitative observations can be precisely and objectively compared. • Qualitative: The road is long. (describes) • Quantitative: The road is 5 km long. (measures) • Some things are easier to quantify than others. Scientists use innovative ways of turning qualitative to quantitative.

35. Inferences • Inferences are an explanation for an observation that you have made. • They are based on your past experiences and prior knowledge. • Inferences are often changed when new observations are made. • Again, observations are information we gather directly through our five senses….inferences help explain these observations.

36. Here are some examples!! • Observation: The grass on the school’s front lawn is wet. • Possible Inferences: • It rained. • The sprinler was on. • There is dew on the grass from the morning. • A dog urinated on the grass! • All of these inferences could possible explain why the grass is wet. They are all based on prior experiences. We have all seen rain, sprinklers, morning dew, and dogs going to the bathroom.

37. Here are some examples!! • Observation: The school alarm is going off. • Possible Inferences: • The school is on fire. • We are having a fire drill. • A student pulled the fire alarm. • Again, these are all logical explanations for why the fire alarm is going off.

39. Metric System

40. Scientific Measurement Collecting data often requires measurement…What can you measure? • Length (distance) • Volume • Mass (weight) • Temperature • Time

41. History • At the end of the 18th century in France, scientists created the metric system. • It was designed with several features in mind. • 1. that each type of measurement (mass, volume, and length) would only have one unit; for example, length would be measured in meters instead of in feet, inches, rods, ells, hands, or any other specialized measures that may or may not be easy to convert between • 2. the metric system would be based on units of 10 for easy conversions

42. Who uses the Metric System? • SCIENTISTS (and science students) • Almost every country EXCEPT the United States. • The US uses the English unit of measurement which is based on the lengths, weights, areas and volumes of everyday objects. • Using the same system of measurement gives scientists a common language. • ·    In 1960 at the International Convention, the metric system was adopted as the “International system of Units” or SI. • ·SI is based on units of ten.

43. Length • The basic unit of length in the metric system is the meter (m) • The meter is = to 39.4inches

44. Volume • Volume is the amount of space an object takes up. • The basic unit of volume is the liter (L) • The liter is usually used for measuring the volume of liquids • The volume of solids can be measured in cubic centimeters (cc or cm3) = a cube that measures 1cm x 1cm x 1cm • 1cc is exactly equal to in volume to 1 ml

45. Mass • Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object • The basic unit of mass is the gram (g)

46. Weight • Weight is a measure of the attraction between two objects due to gravity • Your weighton another planet may differ due to the amount of gravity, however your mass will always be the same

47. Density • The relationship between mass and volume is called density • Density is defined as the mass per unit volume of a substance. • Density = Mass Volume

48. Density Practice Problem • A carton of milk weighs 1000 grams and takes up 100cm3 of space, what is it’s density? DON’T FORGET YOUR UNITS!! • Density = Mass = 1000g = 10 g/cm3 Volume 100cm3

49. Temperature • In the metric system, temperature is measured on the Celsius scale. • On this temperature scale, water freezes at 0o C and boils at 100oC. • The metric system was set in such a way that there was exactly 100 degrees between freezing and boiling point of water. • Normal body temperature is 37oC. Room temperature is about 21oC.

50. Metric Prefixes used in Conversion Kilo Hecta Deca Meter / Liter / Gram deci centi milli