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Understanding PM/0 Code Execution: Notes and Key Concepts

This guide provides essential insights into the execution of PM/0 code, specifically discussing the differences between course examples and HW1 requirements. Detailed instruction names, opcodes, and activation records are explored to prevent confusion and ensure correct implementation. Key information includes the structure of the stack, program data handling, and a list of instructions and operations available in the PM/0 architecture. Whether you are debugging or developing your own code, this document serves as a critical resource for mastering the PM/0 execution process.

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Understanding PM/0 Code Execution: Notes and Key Concepts

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  1. Recitation 2PM/0 Code Execution COP 3402 (Fall 2014)

  2. Important notes • This PM/0 example doesn’t match the PM/0 that you must implement for HW1. • Opcodes, instruction names and activation record may be different. • When in doubt, follow the assignment or ask a TA.

  3. P-machine 3 2 1 0 0 0 PC SP BP code stack 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 IR PC BP SP 0 1 0 Program data. Read-Write. CPU Programinstructions. Read only.

  4. P-machine 3 2 1 0 0 0 PC SP BP Copy of current instruction on execution code stack 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 IR PC BP SP 0 1 0 CPU “Working place” in stack. Current AR in stack. Next instruction in code.

  5. P-machine ISA opcode 02 - OPR: RTN 0,0  Return operation (i.e. return from subroutine) OPR 0,1  NEG ( - stack[sp] )OPR 0,2  ADD(sp sp – 1 and stack[sp]  stack[sp] + stack[sp + 1])OPR 0,3  SUB (sp sp – 1 and stack[sp]  stack[sp] - stack[sp + 1]) OPR 0,4 MUL (sp sp – 1 and stack[sp]  stack[sp] * stack[sp + 1])OPR 0,5 DIV (sp sp – 1 and stack[sp]  stack[sp] div stack[sp + 1])OPR 0,6 ODD (stack[sp]  stack mod 2) or ord(odd(stack[sp]))OPR 0,7 MOD (sp sp – 1 and stack[sp]  stack[sp] mod stack[sp + 1]) OPR 0,8 EQL (sp sp – 1 and stack[sp]  stack[sp] = =stack[sp + 1])OPR 0,9  NEQ (sp sp – 1 and stack[sp]  stack[sp] != stack[sp + 1])OPR 0,10  LSS (sp sp – 1 and stack[sp]  stack[sp] < stack[sp + 1]) OPR 0,11  LEQ (sp sp – 1 and stack[sp]  stack[sp] <= stack[sp + 1]) OPR 0,12  GTR (sp sp – 1 and stack[sp]  stack[sp] > stack[sp + 1]) OPR 0,13  GEQ (sp sp – 1 and stack[sp]  stack[sp] >= stack[sp + 1])

  6. P-machine ISA opcode 01 - LIT 0, M sp  sp +1; stack[sp] M; 02 – RTN0, 0  sp bp -1; pc  stack[sp + 3]; bp stack[sp + 2]; 03 – LOD L, M sp  sp +1; stack[sp]  stack[ base(L,BP) + M]; 04 – STOL, M stack[ base(L,BP) + M] stack[sp]; sp  sp -1;

  7. P-machine ISA opcode 05 - CAL L, M stack[sp + 1]  base(L); /* static link (SL) stack[sp + 2] bp; /* dynamic link (DL) stack[sp + 3]  pc /* return address (RA) bp sp + 1; pc M; 06 – INC 0, M sp  sp + M; 07 – JMP 0, M pc = M; 08 – JPC 0, M if stack[sp] == 0 then { pc M; sp  sp - 1; } 09 –SIO 0, 0 print (stack[sp]); sp  sp – 1;

  8. Nested Code code 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 procedure A; var y; procedure B; var x; procedure C; begin x:=y; end; begin x:=1; y:= 3; call C; end; begin y:= 2; call B; end; call A. RTN 0,0  sp bp -1; pc  stack[sp + 3]; bp stack[sp + 2];

  9. Running Nested Code on PM/0

  10. code stack 3 2 1 0 0 0 PC SP BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 Initial State IR PC BP SP 0 1 0 CPU

  11. code stack 3 2 1 0 0 0 PC SP BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 After FETCH, no execution yet! IR jmp 0 20 PC BP SP 1 1 0 CPU

  12. code stack 3 2 1 0 0 0 PC SP BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 After EXECUTION IR jmp 0 20 PC BP SP 20 1 0 CPU

  13. code stack 3 2 1 0 0 0 PC SP BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 After FETCH IR inc 0 3 PC BP SP 21 1 0 CPU

  14. code stack 3 2 1 0 0 0 PC SP BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 After EXECUTION IR inc 0 3 We “reserve space” for some data by incrementing the SP. PC BP SP 21 1 3 CPU

  15. code stack 3 2 1 0 0 0 PC SP BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 After FETCH IR cal 0 15 PC BP SP 22 1 3 CAL L, M stack[sp + 1] base(L); stack[sp + 2] bp; stack[sp + 3] pc bp sp + 1; pc M; CPU

  16. code stack 3 2 1 4 0 0 0 1 SP PC BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 Executing CAL IR cal 0 15 PC BP SP 22 1 3 CAL L, M stack[sp + 1] base(L); stack[sp + 2] bp; stack[sp + 3] pc bp sp + 1; pc M; CPU

  17. code stack 5 4 3 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 PC SP BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 Executing CAL IR cal 0 15 PC BP SP 22 1 3 CAL L, M stack[sp + 1] base(L); stack[sp + 2] bp; stack[sp + 3] pc bp sp + 1; pc M; CPU

  18. code stack 1 5 4 3 2 6 1 0 22 0 1 0 SP PC BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 Executing CAL IR cal 0 15 PC BP SP 22 1 3 CAL L, M stack[sp + 1] base(L); stack[sp + 2] bp; stack[sp + 3] pc bp sp + 1; pc M; CPU

  19. code stack 1 5 4 3 2 6 1 0 22 0 1 0 SP PC BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 Executing CAL IR cal 0 15 PC BP SP 22 4 3 CAL L, M stack[sp + 1] base(L); stack[sp + 2] bp; stack[sp + 3] pc bp sp + 1; pc M; CPU

  20. code stack 1 5 4 3 2 6 1 0 22 0 1 0 SP PC BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 Executing CAL IR cal 0 15 PC BP SP 15 4 3 CAL L, M stack[sp + 1] base(L); stack[sp + 2] bp; stack[sp + 3] pc bp sp + 1; pc M; CPU

  21. code stack 1 3 4 2 6 5 1 22 0 0 0 1 PC SP BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 After Execution… Activation Record IR cal 0 15 PC BP SP 15 4 3 CPU From now on, we’ll only show the result after the instruction have been executed.

  22. code stack 1 2 7 4 3 6 5 1 0 0 0 22 0 1 SP PC BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 IR inc 0 4 PC BP SP 16 4 7 We are “reserving space” for activation record and one variable. CPU

  23. code stack 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 0 0 0 1 1 22 0 SP PC BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 IR lit 0 2 PC BP SP 17 4 7 CPU

  24. code stack 4 3 7 2 6 8 5 1 1 2 22 2 0 1 0 0 SP PC BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 IR sto 0 3 PC BP SP 18 4 7 STO L, M stack[base(L,BP)+M] stack[sp]; spsp – 1; CPU

  25. code stack 10 1 4 5 2 6 7 8 9 3 19 0 0 0 2 4 1 4 22 1 SP PC BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 IR cal 0 8 PC BP SP 8 8 7 CAL L, M stack[sp + 1] base(L); stack[sp + 2] bp; stack[sp + 3] pc bp sp + 1; pc M; CPU

  26. code stack 11 1 2 4 6 5 8 9 10 3 7 1 2 22 4 4 1 0 0 19 0 0 PC SP BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 IR inc 0 4 PC BP SP 9 8 11 CPU

  27. code stack 11 10 9 8 7 12 1 2 3 6 4 5 0 22 4 1 1 1 0 19 0 0 4 2 SP PC BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 IR lit 0 1 PC BP SP 10 8 12 CPU

  28. code stack 11 10 9 8 7 12 1 2 3 6 4 5 1 22 4 1 1 1 0 19 0 0 4 2 SP PC BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 IR sto 0 3 PC BP SP 11 8 11 CPU

  29. code stack 11 10 9 8 7 12 1 2 3 6 4 5 1 22 4 1 1 3 0 19 0 0 4 2 SP PC BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 IR lit 0 3 PC BP SP 12 8 12 CPU

  30. code stack 11 10 9 8 7 12 1 2 3 6 4 5 1 22 4 1 1 3 0 19 0 0 4 3 SP PC BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 IR sto 1 3 PC BP SP 13 8 11 CPU

  31. code stack 9 13 12 11 5 4 10 1 2 7 3 6 14 8 1 1 0 0 0 14 4 3 8 8 4 1 19 22 SP PC BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 IR cal 0 4 PC BP SP 4 12 11 CPU

  32. code stack 9 13 12 11 5 4 10 1 2 7 3 6 14 8 1 1 0 0 0 14 4 3 8 8 4 1 19 22 SP PC BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 IR inc 0 3 PC BP SP 5 12 14 CPU

  33. code stack 1 15 2 3 5 7 8 6 10 11 12 13 14 4 9 1 1 0 0 1 3 22 3 14 19 8 4 0 4 8 SP PC BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 IR lod 2 3 PC BP SP 6 12 15 CPU

  34. code stack 13 14 12 11 10 2 3 1 5 6 7 8 9 4 15 1 0 3 0 8 19 8 14 22 1 3 4 3 4 0 SP PC BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 IR sto 1 3 PC BP SP 7 12 14 CPU RTN 0,0 sp bp-1; pc stack[sp+3]; bp stack[sp+2];

  35. code stack 13 14 12 11 10 2 3 1 5 6 7 8 9 4 15 1 0 3 0 8 19 8 14 22 1 3 4 3 4 0 SP PC BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 IR opr 0 0 PC BP SP 14 8 11 CPU RTN 0,0 sp bp-1; pc stack[sp+3]; bp stack[sp+2];

  36. code stack 13 14 12 11 10 2 3 1 5 6 7 8 9 4 15 1 0 3 0 8 19 8 14 22 1 3 4 3 4 0 SP PC BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 IR opr 0 0 PC BP SP 19 4 7 CPU RTN 0,0 sp bp-1; pc stack[sp+3]; bp stack[sp+2];

  37. code stack 13 14 12 11 10 2 3 1 5 6 7 8 9 4 15 1 0 3 0 8 19 8 14 22 1 3 4 3 4 0 SP PC BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 IR opr 0 0 PC BP SP 22 1 3 CPU RTN 0,0 sp bp-1; pc stack[sp+3]; bp stack[sp+2];

  38. code stack 4 12 9 15 14 13 7 8 1 6 2 3 5 10 11 8 1 1 3 14 8 0 19 0 22 4 3 4 3 0 SP PC BP 0 jmp0 20 1 jmp0 15 2 jmp0 8 3 jmp0 4 4 inc 0 3 5 lod2 3 6 sto1 3 7 opr0 0 8 inc 0 4 9 lit 0 1 10 sto 0 3 11 lit 0 3 12 sto1 3 13 cal 0 4 14 opr0 0 15 inc 0 4 16 lit 0 2 17 sto 0 3 18 cal 0 8 19 opr 0 0 20 inc 0 3 21 cal 0 15 22 opr 0 0 IR opr 0 0 PC BP SP 0 0 0 End State. Halt P-Machine CPU RTN 0,0 sp bp-1; pc stack[sp+3]; bp stack[sp+2];

  39. Factorial Code 0 jmp0 25 1 jmp0 2 2 inc 0 4 3 lod1 4 4 sto0 3 5 lod1 4 6 lit 0 1 7 opr0 3 8 sto1 4 9 lod1 4 10 lit 0 0 11 opr0 8 12 jpc0 15 13 lit 0 1 14 sto1 3 15 lod1 4 16 lit 0 0 17 opr 0 12 18 jpc 0 20 19 cal 1 2 20 lod 1 3 21 lod 0 3 22 opr 0 4 23 sto 1 3 24 opr 0 0 25 inc 0 5 26 lit 0 3 27 sto 0 4 28 cal 0 2 29 lod 0 3 30 wrt 0 0 31 opr 0 0 var f, n; procedure fact; var ans1; begin ans1:=n; n:= n-1; if n = 0 then f := 1; if n > 0 then call fact; f:=f * ans1; end; begin n:=3; call fact; write(f); end.

  40. Running Factorial on PM/0 0 jmp 0 25 1 jmp 0 2 2 inc 0 4 3 lod 1 4 4 sto 0 3 5 lod 1 4 6 lit 0 1 7 opr 0 3 8 sto 1 4 9 lod 1 4 10 lit 0 0 11 opr 0 8 12 jpc 0 15 13 lit 0 1 14 sto 1 3 15 lod 1 4 16 lit 0 0 code pc bp sp stack Initial values 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 jmp 0, 25 25 1 0 0 0 0 25 inc 0, 5 26 1 5 0 0 0 0 0 26 lit 0, 3 27 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 3 27 sto 0, 4 28 1 5 0 0 0 0 3 28 cal 0, 2 2 6 5 0 0 0 0 3| 1 1 29 2 inc 0, 4 3 6 9 0 0 0 0 3| 1 1 29 0 3 lod 1, 4 4 6 10 0 0 0 0 3| 1 1 29 0 3 4 sto 0, 3 5 6 9 0 0 0 0 3| 1 1 29 3 5 lod 1, 4 6 6 10 0 0 0 0 3| 1 1 29 3 3 6 lit 0, 1 7 6 11 0 0 0 0 3| 1 1 29 3 3 1 7 opr 0, 3 8 6 10 0 0 0 0 3| 1 1 29 3 2 8 sto 1, 4 9 6 9 0 0 0 0 2| 1 1 29 3 9 lod 1, 4 10 6 10 0 0 0 0 2| 1 1 29 3 2 10 lit 0, 0 11 6 11 0 0 0 0 2| 1 1 29 3 2 0 11 opr 0, 8 12 6 10 0 0 0 0 2| 1 1 29 3 0

  41. Running a program on PM/0 17 opr 0 12 18 jpc 0 20 19 cal 1 2 20 lod 1 3 21 lod 0 3 22 opr 0 4 23 sto 1 3 24 opr 0 0 25 inc 0 5 26 lit 0 3 27 sto 0 4 28 cal 0 2 29 lod 0 3 30 wrt 0 0 31 opr 0 0 code pc bp sp stack Initial values 0 1 0 0 0 0 12 jpc 0, 15 15 6 9 0 0 0 0 2| 1 1 29 3 • lod 1, 4 16 6 10 0 0 0 0 2| 1 1 29 3 2 • lit 0, 0 17 6 11 0 0 0 0 2| 1 1 29 3 2 0 17 opr 0, 12 18 6 10 0 0 0 0 2| 1 1 29 3 1 18 jpc 0, 20 19 6 9 0 0 0 0 2| 1 1 29 3 19 cal 1, 2 2 10 9 0 0 0 0 2| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2 inc 0, 4 3 10 13 0 0 0 0 2| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 0 3 lod 2, 4 4 10 14 0 0 0 0 2| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 0 2 4 sto 0, 3 5 10 13 0 0 0 0 2| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2 5 lod 2, 4 6 10 14 0 0 0 0 2| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2 2 6 lit 0, 1 7 10 15 0 0 0 0 2| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2 2 1 7 opr 0, 3 8 10 14 0 0 0 0 2| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2 1 8 sto 2, 4 9 10 13 0 0 0 0 1| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2 9 lod 2, 4 10 10 14 0 0 0 0 1| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2 1 10 lit 0, 0 11 10 15 0 0 0 0 1| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2 1 0

  42. Running a program on PM/0 pc bp sp stack Initial values 0 1 0 0 0 0 11 opr 0, 8 12 10 14 0 0 0 0 1| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2 0 • jpc 0, 15 15 10 13 0 0 0 0 1| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2 15 lod 2, 4 16 10 14 0 0 0 0 1| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2 1 16 lit 0, 0 17 10 15 0 0 0 0 1| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2 1 0 17 opr 0, 12 18 10 14 0 0 0 0 1| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2 1 18 jpc 0, 20 19 10 13 0 0 0 0 1| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2 19 cal 1, 2 2 14 13 0 0 0 0 1| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2| 1 10 20 2 inc 0, 4 3 14 17 0 0 0 0 1| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2| 1 10 20 0 3 lod 3, 4 4 14 18 0 0 0 0 1| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2| 1 10 20 0 1 4 sto 0, 3 5 14 17 0 0 0 0 1| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2| 1 10 20 1 5 lod 3, 4 6 14 18 0 0 0 0 1| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2| 1 10 20 1 1 6 lit 0, 1 7 14 19 0 0 0 0 1| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2| 1 10 20 1 1 1 7 opr 0, 3 8 14 18 0 0 0 0 1| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2| 1 10 20 1 0 8 sto 3, 4 9 14 17 0 0 0 0 0| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2| 1 10 20 1 9 lod 3, 4 10 14 18 0 0 0 0 0| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2| 1 10 20 1 0

  43. Running a program on PM/0 pc bp sp stack Initial values 0 1 0 0 0 0 10 lit 0, 0 11 14 19 0 0 0 0 0| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2| 1 10 20 1 0 0 11 opr 0, 8 12 14 18 0 0 0 0 0| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2| 1 10 20 1 1 12 jpc 0, 15 13 14 17 0 0 0 0 0| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2| 1 10 20 1 13 lit 0, 1 14 14 18 0 0 0 0 0| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2| 1 10 20 1 1 14 sto 3, 3 15 14 17 0 0 0 1 0| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2| 1 10 20 1 15 lod 3, 4 16 14 18 0 0 0 1 0| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2| 1 10 20 1 0 16 lit 0, 0 17 14 19 0 0 0 1 0| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2| 1 10 20 1 0 0 17 opr 0, 12 18 14 18 0 0 0 1 0| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2| 1 10 20 1 0 18 jpc 0, 20 20 14 17 0 0 0 1 0| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2| 1 10 20 1 20 lod 3, 3 21 14 18 0 0 0 1 0| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2| 1 10 20 1 1 21 lod 0, 3 22 14 19 0 0 0 1 0| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2| 1 10 20 1 1 1 22 opr 0, 4 23 14 18 0 0 0 1 0| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2| 1 10 20 1 1 23 sto 3, 3 24 14 17 0 0 0 1 0| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2| 1 10 20 1 24 opr 0, 0 20 10 13 0 0 0 1 0| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2 20 lod 2, 3 21 10 14 0 0 0 1 0| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2 1

  44. Running a program on PM/0 pc bp sp stack Initial values 0 1 0 0 0 0 • lod 0, 3 22 10 15 0 0 0 1 0| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2 1 2 • opr 0, 4 23 10 14 0 0 0 1 0| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2 2 • sto 2, 3 24 10 13 0 0 0 2 0| 1 1 29 3| 1 6 20 2 • opr 0, 0 20 6 9 0 0 0 2 0| 1 1 29 3 20 lod 1, 3 21 6 10 0 0 0 2 0| 1 1 29 3 2 21 lod 0, 3 22 6 11 0 0 0 2 0| 1 1 29 3 2 3 22 opr 0, 4 23 6 10 0 0 0 2 0| 1 1 29 3 6 23 sto 1, 3 24 6 9 0 0 0 6 0| 1 1 29 3 24 opr 0, 0 29 1 5 0 0 0 6 0 29 lod 0, 3 30 1 6 0 0 0 6 0 6 30 wrt 0, 0 31 1 5 0 0 0 6 0 31 opr 0, 0 0 0 0

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