November 3 rd , 2011

1. November 3rd, 2011 Third Declension I-Stem Nouns; Ablatives of Means, Accompaniment, and Manner; Numerals, Genitive of the Whole and Ablative with Cardinal Numerals; Ablative of Time

2. Comparison of 3rd Declension Nouns with 3rd Declension I-Stem Nouns

3. Uses of the Ablative • Certain prepositions are followed by words in the ablative case (i.e. Cum “with”, Ex “from”, Ab “by”, De “about” etc.). • Note: Latin does not always require the presence of a preposition for one to be understood. • Sometimes the ablative standing on its own must be translated with a preposition in English, esp. when used to connote means, instrument, or accompaniment.

4. The Ablative Case • ABLATIVE CASE GENERALLY REFERRED TO AS THE “ADVERBIAL” CASE BECAUSE IT TELLS US SOMETHING ABOUT HOW THE ACTION OF A VERB WAS PERFORMED.

5. Ablative of Means or Instrument • By means of what, by what, or with what an action occurred. • Bestiamvinculistenebunt “They will hold the beast with chains.” • Auxiliopuerorumdonumpulchrumfaciemus “With the help of the boys we will make a beautiful gift.” • Cf. Wheelock, p. 91 for additional examples.

6. Ablative of Manner • Cum + Ablative used to describe “how” or “in what way” the action of a verb occurs. • Poetam cum magna invidiaaudivi – “I heard the poet with great envy.” • Puellam cum curaaudivi – “I listened to the girl with care.”

7. Ablative of Accompaniment • Cum + Ablative used to describe with whom an action has occurred. • Cum amicisvenerunt – “They came with friends.” • Caesar cum multiscopiisrevenerunt – “Caesar returned with many troops.”

8. Ablative of Time When or Within Which • Words connoting time are placed in the ablative without a preposition to indicate time when or within which the action of the verb took place. • Uno anno redibit – “He will return within one year.” • Eo tempore Caesar Galliamvincebat – “At that time Caesar was conquering Gaul.”

9. Cardinal Numbers • Ordinary cardinal numbers (i.e. One, two, three etc.). • Most cardinal numbers from one to one hundred do not decline. • One (unus, una, unum), two (duo, duae, duo), three (tres, tria) and thousand (mille, milia) do decline – Cf. Wheelock pp. 97-98. • Cardinal numbers from 200 to 900 declined like plural 1st/2nd declension adjectives (i.e. See plural declension of magnus, magna, magnum – Quingenti, Quingentae, Quingenta (500). • Mille (1000) indeclinable in the singular but declines like a 3rd declension i-stem noun in the plural – Cf. Wheelock, p. 97.

10. Ordinal Numbers • Numbers indicating order, rank, or sequence (i.e. First, second, third). • Decline like ordinary 1st/2nd declension adjectives (plural) (i.e. Like the plural of magnus, magna, magnum). • Cf. Wheelock, p. 451.

11. Genitive of the Whole • A word indicating the whole group from which another word is but a part is expressed in the genitive. • Pars consiliituierat bona. – “Part of your advice was good.” • Nemoamicorummeorumvenit. – “No one of my friends came.” • Often used after certain nominative and accustaive pronouns and adjectives (i.e. Aliquid, quid, multum, plus, minus, satis, nihil, tantum, quantum). • Nihiltemporis = No time (Literally = Nothing of time). • Satissapientiae = Enough wisdom (Literally = Enough of wisdom). • Note: sometimes a part of the whole can be expressed with the prepositions “ex” (from) or “de” (about, from) + ablative (i.e. Tres ex amicis = Three of my friends); generally used when cardinal numbers are involved. • Cf. Wheelock, p. 99.