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Understanding the Heart: Structure, Function, and Common Disorders

Chapter 18 delves into the cardiovascular system, focusing on the heart's physical characteristics, including its size, shape, and anatomical layers. It discusses the heart's chambers, valves, and associated structures, highlighting the differences between ventricles and the various types of valves. Additionally, the chapter provides insights into cardiac circulation, conduction systems, and factors influencing cardiac output. It also addresses common cardiac disorders, such as arrhythmias and valve issues, offering a comprehensive overview of the heart's function and physiology.

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Understanding the Heart: Structure, Function, and Common Disorders

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  1. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM THE HEART Chapter 18

  2. Physical Characteristics • Located in the mediastinum between the lungs and behind the sternum • About the size of a clenched fist • Shaped like an inverted cone • Apex vs. Base

  3. Coverings and Layers • Covering Around the Heart • Pericardium • Fibrous pericardium • Serous pericardium • Parietal layer • Visceral layer (epicardium) • Serous fluid • Walls of the Heart • Epicardium • Myocardium • Endocardium

  4. Chambers • Atria • Right atrium • Left atrium • Interatrial septum • Fossa ovalis • Ventricles • Right ventricle • Left ventricle • Interventricular septum

  5. Differences between the Ventricles

  6. Valves • Atrioventricular valves • Tricuspid • Bicuspid (mitral) • Semilunar valves • Pulmonary semilunar • Aortic semilunar • Associated Structures • Chordae tendineae • Papillary muscles

  7. Valves

  8. AV Valves

  9. Semilunar Valves

  10. Heart Valve Video

  11. Microscopic Anatomy

  12. Microscopic Anatomy

  13. Blood Flow Pulmonary Circuit Systemic Circuit Coronary Circuit Venous Drainage Blood Flow Animation

  14. Pulmonary vs. Systemic

  15. Pulmonary Circulation • Superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus • Right atrium • Tricuspid • Right Ventricle • Pulmonary semilunar • Pulmonary arteries • Lungs

  16. Systemic Circulation • Pulmonary veins • Left atrium • Bicuspid valve • Left ventricle • Aortic semilunar • Systemic aorta • Coronary artery

  17. Coronary Circulation • Left coronary artery • Anterior interventricular artery • Circumflex artery • Right coronary artery • Posterior interventricular artery • Marginal artery • Arterial anatomoses

  18. Posterior View

  19. Venous Drainage • Superior vena cava • Inferior vena cava • Great cardiac vein • Small cardiac vein • Middle cardiac vein • Coronary sinus

  20. Posterior View

  21. Posterior View

  22. Anastomoses of Coronary Circulation

  23. Cardiac Conduction Systems

  24. Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction System Animation

  25. Extrinsic Cardiac Conduction System • Autonomic Innervation • Sympathetic nervous system • Parasympathetic nervous system

  26. Cardiac Physiology EKG Heart Sounds Cardiac Cycle

  27. Electrocardiograph

  28. EKG and Conduction

  29. EKG Animation

  30. Abnormal ECG

  31. Heart Sounds • Auscultate • Stethoscope • Lub-dup, pause, lub-dup, pause, etc • Lub= AV valves closing • Dup=Semilunar valves closing

  32. Cardiac Cycle Animation

  33. Cardiac Output • Cardiac output (CO) = the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute • CO = SV X HR • SV=“stroke volume” or the amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in a single beat • HR=“heart rate” or number of beats per minute

  34. Factors Affecting SV

  35. Factors Affecting SV

  36. Contractility Positive Inotropic Agents - Sympathetic NS - Digitalis - Glucagon (pancreas) - Epinephrine - Hypercalcemia Negative Inotropic Agents - Hyperkalemia - Hypocalcemia - Cardiac hypoxia - Cardiac hypercapnia

  37. Factors Affecting HR • Autonomic nervous system • Hormones: epinephrine and thyroxine • Age, gender, fitness, emotional state • Body temperature • Ion concentrations in body fluids • Blood pressure

  38. Homeostasis

  39. Cardiac Disorders • Valve disorders • Heart murmur • Stenosis • Incompetent valve • Mitral valve prolapse • Rheumatic fever or Streptococcus infection • Sclerosis and thickening of valve flaps • Arrhythmias • Tachycardia • Bradycardia • Fibrillation • Heart block

  40. Cardiac Disorders • Other related heart problems • Ischemia and hypoxia • Angina pectoralis • Myocardial infarction • Heart palpitation • Asystole • Myocarditis • Endocarditis • Cardiac tamponade • Pericarditis • Congenital defects • Congestive heart failure

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