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This chapter explores the complexities of managing the world's oceans and significant bodies of water, focusing on the concept of the "commons." It discusses the impacts of overfishing and the necessity for states to establish exclusive control over critical areas, as outlined by international treaties like UNCLOS. The chapter further examines the unique case of the Caspian Sea, analyzing its classification under international law and the implications for resource exploitation among bordering nations. The management of these waters reveals broader challenges in international relations and environmental stewardship.
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Chapter EightEnvironment and Technology International Relations, Brief Edition Joshua S. Goldstein
Figure 8.1: State-Controlled Waters Overfishing and similar problems of managing the “commons” of world oceans have been addressed by enclosing the most important areas under the exclusive control of states. Shaded areas are within the 200-mile economic zones controlled by the states under terms of the UNCLOS treaty. Source: Adapted from Andrew Boyd, An Atlas of World Affairs, 9th ed. New York: Routledge, 1992.
Figure 8.2: Dividing the Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea is the world’s largest inland body of water. It could be defined under international law as either a lake or a sea. The middle of a lake (beyond territorial waters) is a joint area (see left panel), which can be exploited only if the countries agree on terms. In a sea less than 400 miles wide, the bordering countries’ Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) split up the whole sea (right panel).
