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The energetics of maturation

The energetics of maturation. Bas Kooijman Dept theoretical biology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Bas@bio.vu.nl http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb. Amsterdam 2012/04/23. Energy Budgets. Basic processes Feeding Digestion Storing Growth Maturation Maintenance Reproduction

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The energetics of maturation

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  1. The energetics of maturation Bas Kooijman Dept theoretical biology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Bas@bio.vu.nl http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb Amsterdam 2012/04/23

  2. Energy Budgets • Basic processes • Feeding • Digestion • Storing • Growth • Maturation • Maintenance • Reproduction • Product formation • Aging • All have ecological implications • All interact during the life cycle Life stages embryo juvenile adult • Life history events • zero: • start of development • birth: • start of feeding • start of acceleration • metamorphosis: • end of acceleration • puberty: • end of maturation • start of reproduction

  3. defecation feeding food faeces assimilation reserve somatic maintenance maturity maintenance  1- maturation reproduction growth maturity offspring structure Standard DEB model One type of food faeces reserve structure Isomorphy

  4. Foetal development 2.6.2l X-ray of dolphin embryo surface area of the placenta  length foetus2

  5. Fetal development Fetus develops like egg but rate not restricted by reserve (because supply during development) Initiation of development can be delayed by implantation egg cell Nutritional condition of mother only affects fetus in extreme situations weight, g Mus musculus time, d Data: MacDowell et al 1927 Empirical model: Huggett & Widdas 1951

  6. Reptile-Mammal transition 1.1.4b, 7.7 caseine synthetase 200-310 Ma vitellogenin-encoding lost 30--70 Ma Brawand et al 2008: Plos Biol6:0507 Cynognathus (Cynodontia) Lystrosaurus (Dicynodontia) Moschops (Dinocephalia) nursing Platypus Megazostrodon (Triconodonta) Ptilodus (Multituberculata)

  7. 1.1.4J, cont 2 Egg-foetus transitions in Poeciliopsis P. elongata P. fasciata P. turrubarensis

  8. Embryonic development 2.6.2e Carettochelys insculpta Data from Web et al 1986 embryo yolk O2 consumption, ml/h weight, g time, d time, d

  9. Diapauze 2.6.2c seeds of heather Calluna vulgaris can germinate after 100 year

  10. Embryos with assimilation 1.1.4l The chlamydomonad Oophila amblystomatis lives intra-cellularly in the embryo-tissues of the spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum and returns carbohydrates and dioxygen for ammonia

  11. Acceleration of development Embryo: isomorphic v constant Early juvenile: V1-morphic v, {pAm} increase with length Late juvenile/adult: isomorphic v, {pAm} constant Found in: bivalves, gastropods, copepods, amphipods, decapods, collembolas, echinoderms, lancelets, tunas, flatfish, anchovy, Danio, cod, caecilians, marsupials

  12. Anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus 7.8.2 embryo 0.16 cm 0.22 cm length, cm 0.4 cm 0.9 cm time, d 1.2 cm >4 cm Pecquerie 2008 PhD thesis VU A’dam

  13. Stage transitions at maturity thresholds 7.8.2a Danio rerio 28.5°C Augustine et al 2011 Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 159 :275–283

  14. Stage transitions at maturity thresholds 7.8.2b < birth : isomorph birth-metamorphosis: V1-morph > metamorphosis : isomorph Danio rerio 28.5°C Data: Lauwrence et al 2008 caloric restiction Data: Augustine Augustine et al 2011 Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 159 :275–283

  15. Acceleration of development 7.8.2c acceleration development no yes indirect Crinia georgiana Pseudophryne bibronii direct Crinia nimbus Geocrinia vitellina

  16. 1 ¾ ½  ¼ 0 1 ¾ ½  ¼ 0 Acceleration of development 7.8.2d Mueller et al 2011, subm Crinia georgiana max dry weight 500 mg metam hatch birth metam birth Dry mass, mg hatch O2 nmol/h 12 °C age, d age, d Pseudophryne bibronii metam max dry weight 200 mg metam birth hatch Dry mass, mg hatch birth O2 nmol/h age, d age, d

  17. DEB tele course 2013 http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/deb/ Free of financial costs; Some 108 or 216 h effort investment Program for 2013: Feb/Mar general theory (5w) April symposium at NIOZ-Texel (NL) (8d +3 d) Target audience: PhD students We encourage participation in groups who organize local meetings weekly Software package DEBtool for Octave/ Matlab freely downloadable Slides of this presentation are downloadable from http://www.bio.vu.nl/thb/users/bas/lectures/ Cambridge Univ Press 2009 Audience: thank you for your attention

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