Sem 2 Review Ms. Martinez , 2011

1. Sem 2 ReviewMs. Martinez, 2011

2. Meiosis/Genetics (CA Standards 2g, 3a-b) 1. In a cat, the gene for black fur (B) is dominant while the gene for white fur (b) is recessive. What are the possible combinations of genes in the offspring of two heterozygous black cats (Bb)?

3. a. What are the possible combinations of genes in the offspring of two heterozygous black cats (Bb)? B b B BB Bb bb b Bb

4. b. What are the possible combinations of genes in the offspring of one homozygous white cat (bb) and one heterozygous black cat (Bb)?

5. b. What are the possible combinations of genes in the offspring of one homozygous white cat (bb) and one heterozygous black cat (Bb)? b b B Bb Bb bb b bb

6. 2. Describe how twoorganisms may show the same trait, yet havedifferent genotypes for that trait?

7. 2. Describe how twoorganisms may show the same trait, yet havedifferent genotypes for that trait? -Organisms may be homozygous dominant or heterozygous, but express same phenotype.

8. 3. Dog fur color is controlled by a gene that comes in a dominant form (G) or a recessive form (g). Eye color is also controlled by another gene that comes in a dominant form (B) or a recessive form (b). Two dogs with the following genotypes were bred: Ggbb x GgBB a. What are the possible phenotypes for fur color of their offspring?

9. 3a. What are the possible phenotypes for fur color of their offspring? Ggbb x GgBB G g G GG Gg 75% Golden Fur (GG, Gg), 25% Black Fur (gg) gg g Gg

10. 3b. What are the possible phenotypes for eye color of their offspring? B B b ?? ?? ?? b ?? NEXT….

11. b. What are the possible phenotypes for eye color of their offspring? B B b Bb Bb Bb b Bb 100% Brown Eyes (Bb)

12. 4. Mendel hypothesized that reproductive cellshave only one factor for each inherited trait.This hypothesis is supported by the observation that during the formation of sex cells, a process called , gametes with one set of chromosomes are formed, also known as cells.

13. 4. Mendel hypothesized that reproductive cellshave only one factor for each inherited trait.This hypothesis is supported by the observation that during the formation of sex cells, a process called Meiosis , gametes with one set of chromosomes are formed, also known as Haploidcells.

14. 5. The following diagram represents which two processes?

15. 5. The following diagram represents which two processes? _Segregation_ (or the separating of chromosomes) _Recombination____ (the random combining of chromosomes)

16. Ecology (CA Standards 6a-f) 6 List the most likely order of succession following a volcanic eruption has covered an area with lava. Use the following organisms…….Grasses, Shrubs, Lichens, Mosses, Trees.

17. 6 List the most likely order of succession following a volcanic eruption has covered an area with lava. Use the following organisms…….Grasses, Shrubs, Lichens, Mosses, Trees. Lichens/mosses  grasses  shrubs  trees

18. 7. What is the difference between Biotic and Abiotic factors of an ecosystem?

19. 7. What is the difference between Biotic and Abiotic factors of an ecosystem? Biotic – living things in an ecosystem Ex Squirrel, tree, grass, etc. Abiotic – Non-living things in an ecosystem Ex Sun, wind, rocks, etc.

20. 8. Over the course of 400 years, a river eventually became a fertile valley. During this transformation, various communities took over from previous ones. The reason these newer communities replaced the older communities was that the ( biotic / abiotic ) characteristics of the ( habitat / population ) changed.

21. 8. Over the course of 400 years, a river eventually became a fertile valley. During this transformation, various communities took over from previous ones. The reason these newer communities replaced the older communities was that the ( biotic / abiotic ) characteristics of the( habitat / population ) changed.

22. 9. Black snakes introduced into Hawaii several decades ago have become a serious pest and predator to native birds. Black snake populations increased so much that they displaced many native bird populations. List some possible reasons that could have increased the snake numbers (reasons for change in population size).

23. 9. Black snakes introduced into Hawaii several decades ago have become a serious pest and predator to native birds. Black snake populations increased so much that they displaced many native bird populations. List some possible reasons that could have increased the snake numbers (reasons for change in population size). The snakes have few effective predators since they were not originally part of the ecosystem!

24. 10. In the Carbon Cycle, whichprocesses return the largest amount of carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere?

25. 10. In the Carbon Cycle, whichprocesses return the largest amount of carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere? Respiration Combustion

26. 11. Combustion or burning of plant material returns the element ?? primarily to the ?? .

27. 11. Combustion or burning of plant material returns the element Carbon primarily to the atmosphere.

28. 12. Draw arrows to match the following population changes to the correct explanation for this change. Population decreasing birth rate > death rate Population remains steady emigration > immigration Population increasing birth rate = death rate

29. 12. Draw arrows to match the following population changes to the correct explanation for this change. Population decreasing birth rate > death rate Population remains steady emigration > immigration Population increasing birth rate = death rate

30. 13. What is demonstrated by the Carrying Capacity shown in the graph below?

31. 13. What is demonstrated by the Carrying Capacity shown in the graph below? Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can support or the ecosystem’s ability to sustain a stable population of organisms.

32. 14. Which community below has more biodiversity? Community A Community B

33. 14. Which community below has more biodiversity? Community A

34. 15. Which community has a greater chance of surviving a natural disaster? Why?

35. 15. Which community has a greater chance of surviving a natural disaster?A Why?More diversity = better chance for survival of at least some organisms if a natural disaster occurred.

36. 16. Circle all of the following that would most likely be found at the top of an energy pyramid? Why? sharks kelp lions eagles clams sardines humans

37. 16. Circle all of the following that would most likely be found at the top of an energy pyramid? sharks kelp lions eagles clams sardines humans Why? carnivores at the top

38. 17. Consumers release ________gas, which is required by ____________(commonly called plants).

39. 17. Consumers release Carbon Dioxide (CO2)gas, which is required by Producers(commonly called plants).

40. 18. What percentage of available energy is passed from one trophic level to the next in an energy pyramid? Explain what happens to the rest of the energy that is not passed on…

41. 18. What percentage of available energy is passed from one trophic level to the next in an energy pyramid? Explain what happens to the rest of the energy that is not passed on… 10% The other 90% of the energy is lost as heat at each level. This is the amount of energy that is used by the organisms during photosynthesis and respiration.

42. 19. In a lake, the primary producer is a green alga, Spirogyra; the primary consumer is the crustacean, Daphnia; the secondary consumer is a small fish, the sunfish; and the tertiary consumer is a larger fish, the bass. What changes can be expected in the lake if the Daphnia are killed with pesticides? Circle increase or decrease: The Spirogyra will increase or decrease The Daphnia will increase or decrease The sunfish will increase or decrease The bass will increase or decrease

43. 19. In a lake, the primary producer is a green alga, Spirogyra; the primary consumer is the crustacean, Daphnia; the secondary consumer is a small fish, the sunfish; and the tertiary consumer is a larger fish, the bass. What changes can be expected in the lake if the Daphnia are killed with pesticides? Circle increase or decrease: The Spirogyra will increase or decrease WHY? With the Daphnia gone they don’t have a predator!! The Daphnia will increase or decrease WHY? Told in the question that pesticides killed them! The sunfish will increase or decrease WHY? They don’t have the Daphnia to eat The bass will increase or decrease WHY? They don’t have the sunfish to eat

44. Evolution (CA Standards 7a-d, 8a-e) 20. What is genetic drift?Give 2 examples of how it can occur.

45. 20. What is genetic drift? Give 2 examples of how it can occur. Founder Effect (new population started by a small group) and Bottleneck Effect (natural disasters) Changes in a gene pool due to RANDOM or CHANCE events

46. 21. How does genetic drift affect the diversity a population living in a habitat that does not change for a long period of time?

47. 21. How does genetic drift affect the diversity a population living in a habitat that does not change for a long period of time? Decreases the diversity of the population/gene pool.

48. 22. Which of the following is the best example of genetic drift? a. a species of fish evolving with greater speed over time to evade predators b. a rhino breeding more successfully because it has evolved a thicker coat over timer c. a fire destroying most of the remaining members of an isolated gorilla population

49. 22. Which of the following is the best example of genetic drift? a. a species of fish evolving with greater speed over time to evade predators b. a rhino breeding more successfully because it has evolved a thicker coat over timer c. a fire destroying most of the remaining members of an isolated gorilla population

50. 23. What is Natural Selection?