Nonmetals and Metalloids

1. Nonmetals and Metalloids Coach Medford Building Science Champions

2. Objectives • Locate nonmetals and metalloids in the periodic table • Compare the physical and chemical properties of nonmetals with those of metals • Describe the properties of metalloids

3. Key Terms • Nonmetal • Diatomic molecule • Halogen family • Noble gas • Metalloid • Semiconductor

4. Nonmetal -Are elements that lack most of the properties of metals. -There are 17nonmetals located to the right of the zigzag line on the periodic table. -Very common and essential to life on Earth. P Phosphorus Atomic # 15 Atomic Mass 20.94 NONCONDUCTORS Do not conduct heat or electricity Hydrogen is the only element in its family. It is also a non-metal

5. Physical Properties of Nonmetals • Gas at room temperature • Low boiling points • Air is made of nonmetals; nitrogen & oxygen • Carbon and Iodine are solids at room temperature. • Bromine is the only nonmetal that is liquid at room temperature.

6. Chemical Properties • Easily form compounds except Group 18 • Share electrons usually with metals • Group 18 has 8 valence electrons

7. Compounds and Nonmetals • Easily form compounds with metals. • Diatomic molecules – molecules that contain ONLY two atoms. • Oxygen = O2, Nitrogen = N2, and Hydrogen = H2

8. Nonmetal Families • Carbon family – group 14, 4 valence electrons • Nitrogen family – group 15, 5 valence electrons • Oxygen family – group 16, 6 valence electrons • Halogen family – group 17, 7 valence electrons • Noble gases – group 18, 8 valence electrons • Hydrogen – single element, differs from all other elements

9. Carbon Family • All living organisms on Earth contain carbon • All living organism contain compounds that are made of long chains of carbon • DNA contains carbon as well as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorous.

10. Nitrogen Family • The atmosphere is approximately 80% nitrogen (N2) • Most living things can not use the nitrogen in the atmosphere – bacteria can • Nitrogen is used by farmers for fertilizer • Phosphorous is reactive and unstable • Phosphorous is always found as a compound in nature. • Phosphorus is used in matches and flares

11. Oxygen Family • Oxygen is in the air you breathe • Ozone (O3) is a triatomic molecule • Oxygen is very reactive and can combine with almost all other elements • Sulfur has a rotten egg odor • Sulfur is used in rubber bands, tires and medicines

12. Halogen Family • Share or gain an electron when reacting with other elements • Most are dangerous to humans • Fluorine is found in nonstick cookware and toothpaste • Chlorine combines with sodium to make table salt and calcium to melt snow and ice • Bromine reacts with silver and is used in camera film

13. Noble Gases • Valence electron ring is full • All noble gases are present in trace amounts in the atmosphere • Neon is used for lights, so are argon, xenon and other noble gases • Nonreactive

14. Hydrogen • Is the simplest element • Contains one proton and electron • Is its own family • Hydrogen makes 90% of the atoms in the universe • Most hydrogen is combined with oxygen

15. Metalloids On the border between metals and nonmetals 7 elements Have characteristics of both metals and nonmetals Easily conduct electricity Silicon is the most common Semiconductor – are substances that under some conditions can carry electricity, while under other conditions it cannot carry electricity. Semiconductors are used for computer chips and lasers. Sb – Antimony Atomic # 51 Atomic Mass 121.75

16. Review • Nonmetals are located to the right of the metalloids • There are 17 nonmetals • Nonmetals have numerous physical and chemical properties • Seven metalloids are present on the periodic table • Metalloids are semiconductors • Nonmetals are nonconductors

17. Element Facts • Fluorine is the most reactive nonmetal. • Neon is used to light signs on the Vegas Strip. • Phosphorus will glow red or white. • Chlorine is an abundant halogen. • Nitrogen is mostly in the air. • Bismuth is used in the schools fire sprinkler system. • Hydrogen is the most abundant element on Earth. • Oxygen is usually in allotrope form: ozone. • Sulfur has a rotten egg smell. • Carbon is the bases for life. • Selenium is a good conductor of electricity. • Arsenic is a poisonous element used in rat poison.

18. Element Facts • Nickel is used to manufacture batteries. • Tungsten is used in light bulbs. • Chromium is a mirror-like metal. • Boron is the only nonmetal in its family. • Magnesium usually found bounded in nature • Platinum is used in jewelry. • Helium helps balloons rise. • Lead shields against radiation. • Tin coats metals to protect against corrosion. • Iron is very durable. • Potassium is a good conductor.

19. 4th State of Matter • Plasma – state of matter where atoms are stripped of their electrons, and the nuclei are packed closed together. • Most frequently seen in stars. • When colliding nuclei have enough energy, they can join together in a process called nuclear fusion. • Inside stars, nuclear fusion combines smaller nuclei into larger nuclei, thus creating heavier elements.

20. References • Anderson, M. et all (2012) Physical Science. McGraw-Hill: Columbus • Frank, D.V et al (2001). Physical Science. Prentice Hall: New Jersey