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Understanding AACR2/RDA and MARC: Key Tools for Resource Description and Access

This guide explores the essential tools used in bibliographic data management, focusing on AACR2, RDA, and MARC. AACR (Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules) provides standards for bibliographic description, while MARC (Machine-Readable Cataloging) facilitates encoding data for exchange. RDA (Resource Description and Access) aims to simplify rules for modern, online environments. The guide also discusses related standards such as ISBD and FRBR, highlighting their roles in improving bibliographic control and resource accessibility in libraries.

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Understanding AACR2/RDA and MARC: Key Tools for Resource Description and Access

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  1. The Tools of our Trade: AACR2/RDA and MARC Ann Chapman Policy & Advice Team UKOLN is supported by:

  2. What are our Tools? • AACR/RDA = content standard for resource description and access • MARC = communication and exchange format providing a structure for encoding the content of bibliographic and authority data Related to: • ISBD = rules that organise the bibliographic description of an item in a catalogue • FRBR = a entity-relational model of the data required to find, identify, select and obtain resources

  3. ISBDs • International Standard Bibliographic Descriptions • Developed 1969 onwards by IFLA • Defined seven areas of description and their order • Title • Statement of Responsibility • Edition • Resource specific information • Publication details • Physical description • Series information • Notes and standard identifiers

  4. FRBR • Functional Requirements of Bibliographic Records • IFLA study 1998 • Entity-relationship model that defines: • Tasks: find, identify, select, obtain • Resource relationships:work, expression, manifestation, item • Entities: people, corporate bodies • Entities: concepts, objects, events, places

  5. AACR • Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules • A content standard for bibliographic description and access • Bibliographic – not just books • Key principles • One principle entry per resource • Catalogue from item in hand • Chief source of information

  6. AACR timeline • 1967 UK and US editions • 1978 2nd unified edition, consistent with ISBDs • 1997 Toronto conference on AACR2 • 1998 FRBR • 2005 Develop RDA not AACR3 • 2009 RDA launch (provisional)

  7. AACR 2 • Part 1: Description • Chapter 1: General rules • Chapters 2 -12: Resource type - specific rules • Chapter 13: Analytic entries • Part 2: Headings, Uniform Titles, References • Chapter 21: Choice of access points • Chapters 22 – 26: Construction of access points • Appendices • A: Capitalisation, B: Abbreviations, C: Numerals,D: Glossary, E: Initial articles

  8. What’s wrong with AACR? • Increasingly complex • Lack of logical structure • Mixing content and carrier data • Seriality and hierarchical relationships • Anglo-American centric viewpoint • Written before FRBR • Not enough support for collocation • Unclear relationship with MARC Format

  9. RDA – The Aims • Rules should be easy to use and interpret • Be applicable to an online, networked environment • Provide effective bibliographic control for all types of media • Encourage use beyond the library community • Be compatible with other similar standards • Have a logical structure based on internationally agreed principles • Separate content and carrier data • Examples – more of them, more appropriate

  10. How is RDA being developed? • Joint Steering Committee (JSC) • ACOC, ALA, BL, CCC, CILIP, LC • Editor: Tom Delsey • Task focused working groups • GMD/SMD, Examples • Draft – responses – revised drafts – responses/acceptance • Final product – the publishers

  11. RDA Timelime • 2005 • Prospectus issued • Draft of chapters relating to description • Content and carrier studies • 2006 and 2007 • Further drafts of chapters on description and access • Work on appendices and glossary • 2008 • First public view of online product (in August at IFLA conference) • 2009 • Launch of online product

  12. What will RDA look like? - 1 • Section 1: Recording manifestation attributes • Ch. 1 General guidelines • Ch. 2 Identifying manifestations and items • Ch. 3 Describing carriers (technical description) • Ch. 4 Providing acquisition and access information (terms of availability, etc.)

  13. What will RDA look like? - 2 • Section 2: Recording attributes of work and expression • Ch. 5 General guidelines (incl. construction of access points for works and expressions) • Ch. 6 Identifying works and expressions (e.g. uniform and collective titles, etc.) • Ch. 7 Describing additional attributes of works and expressions (incl. nature and coverage of content, intended audience, etc.)

  14. What will RDA look like? - 3 • Section 3: Ch. 8, 9, 10, 11Recording attributes of person, family and corporate body (= name headings) • Section 4: Ch. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16Recording attributes of concept, object, event and place (= subject headings) • Section 5: Ch. 17Recording primary relationships between work, expression, manifestation and item • Section 6: Ch. 18, 19, 20, 21, 22Recording relationships to persons, families and corporate bodies associated with a resource

  15. What will RDA look like? – 4 • Section 7: Ch. 23Recording subject relationships • Section 8: Ch. 24, 25, 26, 27, 28Recording relationships between works, expressions, manifestations and items • Section 9: Ch. 29, 30, 31, 32Recording relationships between persons, families and corporate bodies • Section 10: Ch. 33, 34, 35, 36, 37Recording relationships between concepts, objects, events and places

  16. What will RDA look like? - 5 • Appendices A: Capitalisation B: Abbreviations C: Initial articles D: Record syntaxes for descriptive data E: Record syntaxes for access point control data F: Additional instructions on names of persons G: Titles of nobility, rank, etc. H: Conversion of dates to Gregorian calendar J, K, L, M: Relationship designators Glossary Index

  17. RDA – What will it be? • An online resource, potentially: • Complete text • Concise text • Tailored texts (law, medical, etc.) • Training resource • Incorporated into LMS cataloguing modules • Loose-leaf print version(s)

  18. RDA and beyond • RDA aims to be: • Independent of communication formats • UNIMARC, MARC, MARCXML, MODS/MADS • DC, EAD, ISBD, VRA, MPEG7 • Compatible / better aligned with other similar standards • Archives: ISAD(G) • Museums: Cataloging Cultural Objects

  19. RDA and MARC • Mapping RDA and MARC 21 • Report issued in Nov. 2006 and discussed at MARBI Midwinter 2007 • How will RDA impact on MARC 21? • Are new fields or subfields needed? • How will MARC 21 impact on RDA? • Data provisions in MARC 21 not covered in current draft of RDA

  20. MARC – 1960s • Library of Congress project • Database of catalogue records • Production of catalogue cards • US & UK versions • Reflected differing cataloguing practices • Developed in parallel but not identical ways

  21. MARC – 1970s Variant formats developed • Based on either US or UK formats (AUSMARC, DANMARC, KORMARC, etc.) • USMARC developed 8 material formats (Books, Serials, Maps, etc.) UNIMARC developed in 1977 by IFLA • Intended as exchange format • Used as the Bib format in some countries (e.g. France)

  22. MARC – Recent changes • Expansion of USMARC to a family of formats • Bibliographic, Holdings, Authority, Classification, Community Information • Integration of USMARC bibliographic format • Previous 8 formats integrated • Widespread adoption of MARC 21 • Some countries simply adopt USMARC • 1997 – USMARC & CANMARC become MARC 21 • 2003/4 – MARC 21 enhanced by UK proposals; British Library adopts MARC 21 • 2006/7 – MARC 21 enhanced by German proposals: this will enable libraries to move from MAB to MARC 21

  23. MARC Structure • Leader • 0xx – control numbers, coded data • 1xx – primary access point • 2xx – description, GMD, edition, publication • 3xx – physical description • 4xx – series • 5xx – notes • 6xx – subject access points • 7xx – additional access points • 8xx – series added entries • 9xx – local fields

  24. Maintaining MARC 21 • Twice yearly MARBI meetings • Discussion papers • Proposals • UK and MARC 21 • BIC Bibliographic Standards Group • lis-ukbibs@jiscmail.ac.uk

  25. MARC and XML • MARC has alpha-numeric 3-digit tags • 100.1 Personal Name • 245 $a Title $b Subtitle • XML has element labels • <namePersonIndirectOrder> • <title> <titleSubtitle> <titleCoverTitle>

  26. Looking into the crystal ball • FRBR • Potential influence on cataloguing systems • Authority records, uniform titles, work records • OPACs • Multiple interfaces for different audiences • Enhance for accessibility - supports all users • Links (actual resources, restrictions, supporting or associated resources) • RDA • Used outside the library domain

  27. Contact details • Ann Chapman • a.d.chapman@ukoln.ac.uk • http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/bib-man/

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