World Civ Unit 3

1. World Civ Unit 3 Protestant Reformation

2. Before Protestant Reformation: Power of the Church • Princes and Emperor didn’t like sharing power with the Pope, but power increased when sanctioned by the Pope • Unifying force with undisputed control in otherworldly issues and huge sway in worldly issues • Could only get to heaven the church’s way

3. Church Gets Into Trouble • Sells indulgences • Generates income: maintains power over the masses • Needs to finance patrons: Renaissance Artists • Paying for construction of St. Peter’s Basilica (Church in Vatican City where the Pope lives) • Reduces time in Purgatory for self and for family members already there • Controls huge blocks of land • Doesn’t pay taxes • Temporarily 2 Popes: France claims their own for 7 decades • Church too concerned with wealth and power

4. Church Gets Into Trouble cont’d. • Clergy not well-trained or spiritual • Some appointed for political purposes • Corrupt: spiritually bankrupt • Early attempts at reform • John Wycliffe (Oxford University) Church should return to spiritual values • Body burned and followers persecuted • Jan Hus (Bohemia) urged reform • Burned at the stake • Led to decades long war • Savonarola (Dominican Friar-Clergy) used violence to fight church

5. Martin Luther • Frustrations: produced 95 Theses • Selling of indulgences • Worldly nature of Rome • Church services not in vernacular • Salvation by grace through faith, not by indulgences or through the church • Don’t need church as intermediary: go right to Bible • Diet at Worms: refused to recant, saved by Prince and not killed

6. Christianity Splits • Consequences • Luther’s followers become Lutheran Church • New leaders emerge with other Biblical interpretations • John Calvin: predestination of the elect • Huguenots in France • Pilgrims in US • Anglicans in England • King Henry VIII creates the Anglican Church a.k.a. Church of England • Pope refused his annulment • Allows King to confiscate church property • Over 100,000 people died in the turmoil

7. Philosophical Consequences • If the strongest institution, the Church, can be questioned, anything is fair game • Nature of Universe • Role of government • Set a foundation for future revolutions

8. Protestant Beliefs • Originally favored simplicity of the institution of the church, but when Protestant church grew too large—it often became too concerned with politics and bureaucracy like the Catholic Church • Placed less emphasis on rituals and sacraments • Opposed veneration of Mary and the Saints • Only Grace through Faith can save sinful man, not Popes, Priests, or rituals • Reading the Bible and interpreting it for self: contributed to higher literacy rates • More lenient about divorce • Allowed clergy to marry • Rejected transubstantiation: communion with wine and bread

9. Counter Reformation a.k.a. Catholic Reformation • Gained credibility • Stopped selling indulgences • Trained priests and bishops requiring some spirituality • Jesuits: stricter training—began missionary push into China, US, etc. • Reconfirmed absolute authority—wouldn’t budge • Sunday Mass mandatory • Council of Trent 1545,1563 defined rules • How to get salvation • Latin • Punished heretics • Succeeds in winning back many converts

10. Results: European Conflict • Southern Europe, France, and South Germany are Catholic • Northern Europe, England, North Germany, Scandinavia are Lutheran, Anglican, or Calvinist

11. Effects of Reformation • Luther’s insistence on Bible being translated into German/Vernacular spread literacy • Support of German Princes led to increased nationalism • Thirty Years War (100,000+ deaths) German Princes—Lutheranism vs. Catholicism • Germany can’t become unified nation • Religious wars freed Netherlands (Calvinism) from Spain • Henry VIII separated England from Catholic Church • Made himself the head of the Anglican Church • An Act of Supremacy • Ended Medieval way where the Catholic Church was the sole source of stability in Europe

12. Effects of Reformation cont’d. • Anticlericalism • Dismay over corruption of clergy • Luther said Priests weren’t necessary • Growth of Middle Class continues—good works and material success a confirmation of salvation • Created a Middle Class that would eventually help establish democracies • Increased questioning of political authority • Strengthened the power of Monarchs/Kings as Papal power decreased • Encouraged education—Protestants wanted children to be able to read and interpret the Bible • Improved the status of women WITHIN marriage—writers encouraged love between man and wife • Created even more Protestant churches