ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES CHARTER FOR THE 21ST. CENTURY

1. ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES CHARTER FOR THE 21ST. CENTURY • Develop and operate facilities and undertake activities with energy efficiency, sustainable use of renewable resources and waste generation in mind. • Conduct or support research on the impact and ways to minimize the impacts of raw materials, products or processes, emissions and wastes. • Modify the manufacture, marketing, or use of products and services so as to prevent serious or irreversible environmental damage. Develop and provide products and services that do not harm the environment. • Contribute to the transfer of environmentally sound technology and management methods. C& E News, April 8, 1991, pg. 4 CHEMICAL INDUSTRY’S RESPONSIBLE CARE PROGRAM

2. ENVIRONMENTAL & REGULATORY DRIVERS-- “DESIGN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT” -- • SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT -- Industrial Ecology • Cradle to Grave material design -- feedstock, manufacture, use, ultimate disposability • ISO 14000 Series Standards • “Life Cycle Concepts” applied to design of materials • SUSTAINABILITY/ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES • Use of annually renewable resources • non-toxic, non-polluting (emissions & waste) reactants and products • water-based -- no voc’s • worker saftey • Safe (TOSCA approved), easy to handle • Biodegradability and recyclability

3. SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT • Not just a prescribed set of practices • Challenges industry to think about long-term implications of its practices from a holistic ecological perspective • provide for the economic and societal needs without comprising the health of the ecosystem/biosphere LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT CONCEPTS CRADLE TO GRAVE DESIGN OF MATERIALS

4. NEW INDUSTRY PARADIGM CO2 Biomass/Bio-organics > 106 years 1 - 10 yrs Bio-chemical Industry Fossil Resources (petroleum, Natural gas) Polymers, Chemicals & Fuels Chemical Industry New Biochemical Industry Small, entrepreneurial business Renewable Carbon Sources CO2 , & Biomass Green polymers & Chemicals

5. DRIVERS FOR MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY SHIFTS Environmentally Friendly Products/Processes Traditional Materials Synthetics Aramids ? Lycra Value in Use Silk Vinyl Wool Polyester Paradigm shift Cotton SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY Nylon Feathers Rayon Fur Time • Cheap petroleum • Ease of manufacture • Low labor input • Excellent functionality • Recyclable • Biodegradable • Non-polluting • Energy efficient • Tailored Functionality • Renewable resource based • Natural Ingredients • Labor Intensive • Attractive Aesthetics

6. MATERIALS DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR THE ENVIRONMENT FROM “CONCEPTION TO REINCARNATION” FEEDSTOCK Issues to Consider: • Impact on the Environment • Reduced or No emissions /waste (Air, water, solid wastes) • Energy efficiency • Annually renewable resources PRODUCT MANUFACTURE ULTIMATE DISPOSABILITY Transform into Useful Product Design, Use , Disposal, and Reuse of Materials Incorporating “LIFE CYCLE THINKING”

7. VISION 2020 -- PLANT-FOSSIL UTILIZATION BALANCE

8. AVAILABILITY OF BIOMASS RESOURCES

9. PLANT-CROP BASED U.S. RESOURCES

10. Bioscience Will Impact Future Material Systems ADVANCED MATERIALS SYSTEMS BIOSCIENCE ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE MATERIALS PROCESS SYSTEMS PRODUCT SYSTEMS

11. BIOBASED PRODUCT DRIVERS -- U.S. GOVERNMENT • Presidential Executive Order 13101 (Greening the Government Through Waste Prevention, Recycling, and Federal Acquisition, dated September 14, 1998) • U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is proposing guidelines for listing commercially available biobased products for purchase by Federal agencies. • Biobased product is defined as a commercial or industrial product (other than food or feed) that utilizes biological products or renewable domestic agricultural (plant, animal, and marine) or forestry materials. • USDA is listing only those products which are considered by USDA to be within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Environmentally Preferable Products Guidelines. • U.S. EPA has issued “Guiding Principles” for products to be listed as “Environmentally Preferable”. Recycling, and the use of recycled products is on the top of the list of these principles. • Composting is Biological (Organic) Recycling

12. BIOBASED PRODUCT DRIVERS -- U.S. GOVERNMENT (Contd.) The requirement for Federal agencies to consider biobased products which is environmentally preferable (U.S. EPA) is also in Office of Management and Budget (OMB)/Office of Federal Procurement Policy (OFPP) Policy Letter 92‑4 and applies to all Federal agencies.

13. MATRIX FOR BIOBASED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

14. MATRIX FOR BIOBASED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

15. “STANDARDIZATION IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT” INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION (ISO)ISO/TC-207 ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 14000 SERIES STANDARDS SCOPE • Environmental Management Systems (EMS) • Environmental Audit (EA) • Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) • Environmental Labeling (EL) • Environmental Performance Evaluation (EPE) Close working relationship with ISO/TC 176 (ISO 9000 series Quality Assurance Standards) in the field of Environmental Systems and Audits

16. ISO/TC 207 STRUCTURE Canada -- Secretariat ORGANIZATION ORIENTED WG TERMINOLOGY & DEFINITIONS SC ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION -- USA SC ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS -- UK SC ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING -- NETHERLANDS PRODUCT ORIENTED • SC LCA -- FRANCE • WG Code of Practice (USA); WG Inventory Analysis (Germany); WG Impact Analysis (Sweden); WG Improvement Analysis (France) SC ENVIRONMENTAL LABELING -- AUSTRALIA SC ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF PRODUCT STANDARDS GERMANY

17. Toward a More Sustainable Campus at Michigan State University University Committee for a Sustainable Campus

18. University Committee for a Sustainable Campus In September 1998, the Executive Committee of Academic Council Approved an Initiative to Further the Efforts of Michigan State University Towards Becoming a More Sustainable Campus.

19. Developing an Infrastructure • The proposal for a university wide committee aimed to create a committee with wide representation from throughout the campus and across all lines of employment and study. • The proposal allowed for participation of operations staff from various units across campus, a faculty member from each college and two graduate and two undergraduate students. • Through nominations and appointments a committee was formed and met initially at the end of January 1999. • The committee elected a chair, discussed committee processes and worked in tandem with the seminar series steering committee to ensure the series success.

20. Mission Statement In keeping with MSU’s role as a land grant university, the mission of the University Committee for a Sustainable Campus is to foster a collaborative learning culture that will: • Lead the Michigan State University community to a heightened awareness of its environmental impact • Conserve natural resources for future generations • Establish MSU as a working model for creating a sustainable community We envision a sustainable community as one that provides for the social and economic needs of all its members for many generations to come, without compromising the health of the biosphere

21. Goals • Education- to heighten the environmental awareness of the Campus • Research- to increase research on our campus environmental impact and support environmentally focused research by the campus community. • Support - to build support throughout the campus to meet the mission of the university committee for a sustainable campus. • Outreach- to transfer knowledge of sustainability gained from MSU experiences beyond the campus. • Assessment - to coordinate an environmental assessment of the MSU campus. • Policy- to recommend adoption of policies which support the practice of environmental stewardship.

22. Web Development www.ecofoot.msu.edu

23. ENVIRONMENTALLY (& ECONOMICALLY) SOUND PRODUCT MANUFACTURING BASED ON LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) “Impact on the environment throughout the life cycle of a product from raw material acquisition to ultimate disposal” “CRADLE TO GRAVE”

24. ELEMENTS OF AN LCA • Goal definition & Scope (Scoping) • Inventory Analysis • Systems & Systems boundaries • Data quality • Impact assessment • Classification • resource depletion; abiotic & biotic • pollution; global warming, ozone depletion, human toxicity, ecotoxicity, photochemical oxidant, acidification, eutrophication • degradation of ecosystems and landscapes • Characterization • Valuation • Improvement Assessment • Validation

25. AVALIAÇÃO DO CICLO DE VIDA DE PRODUTOS INCINERAÇÃO ENERGIA PRODUÇÃO DISTRIBUIÇÃO UTILIZAÇÃO MATERIAL A ATERRO RE-UTILIZAÇÃO MATERIAL B OUTROS RECICLAGEM

26. ACV - Ciclo de vida Fronteira do sistema Extracçãode matérias primas Produção Transporte Outrossistemas Produtos Utilização Outrossistemas Produtos Fornecimentode energia Reciclagem / Reutilização Fluxos elementares Fluxos elementares Processamento deresíduos

27. Responsabilização - Quantificação … A necessidade de uma técnica de quantificação do impacte ambiental de um produto ou Serviço. ACV - Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida dos Produtos ou Serviços

28. ACV - Contexto • Os princípios associados à ACV encontram-se em fase de normalização, nas normas ISO 14040 e seguintes. A ISO 14040 define ACV como: • Compilação dos fluxos de entradas e saídas e avaliação dos impactes ambientais associados a um produto ao longo do seu ciclo de vida. Produto/serviço - Função, Unidade funcional

29. I Â N M O V B ANÁLISE DE INVENTÁRIO A I Ç T Ã O O COMPONENTES DE UMA ACV DEFINIÇÃO DE OBJECTIVOS AVALIAÇÃO DE IMPACTOS

30. Cradle to Grave Concept for Material Design (Integration of Material Design with Waste Managment Infrastructure). SANITARY LANDFILL MATERIAL REDESIGN BIODEGRADABLE RECYCLABLE COMPOSTING FACILITY RECYCLING FACILITY INCINERABLE ? WASTE TO ENERGY FACILITY RECYCLED PRODUCTS LAND APPLICATION recycling polymeric carbon back to soil ENERGY TOXIC RESIDUALS (ASH)

31. CO 2 AGRICULTURAL FEEDSTOCKS POLYMER RESIN RESTAURANT WASTE CORN SOIL HUMUS PROCESSING COMPOST FACILITY BURGER KING PACKAGE CONVERTER FAST-FOOD RESTAURANT FAST-FOOD PACKAGING

32. COMPOSTING IN WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY THE THREE R’s (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) Grass mulching and landscaping On-Site & Home Composting Source-separated organics (biodegradables) composting Mixed -waste composting Counts towards source reduction Counts towards source reduciton Counts towards recycling and diversion from landfill Counts towards recycling -- lower value application

33. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE • Crop yields on severely eroded soil are lower than those on protected soils because erosion reduces soil fertility and water availability • Corn yields on some severely eroded soils have been reduced by 12 to 21% in Kentucky, 0 to 24% in Illinois and Indiana, 25 to 65% in the southern Piedmont (Georgia), and 21% in Michigan. • During a single growing season, a hectare of corn (yield, 7000 kg/ha) transpires about 4,000,000 liters of water, and an additional 2,000,000 liters ha concurrently evaporate from the soil • In the United States an estimated 4 billion tons of soil and 130 billion tons of water are lost from the 160 million ha of cropland each year. This translates into an on-site economic loss of more than $27 billion each year, of which $20 billion is for replacement of nutrients and $7 billion for lost water and soil depth.

34. COMPOSTING & THE ENVIRONMENT • COMPOSTING IS AN ECOLOGICALLY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND APPROACH TO TRANSFERRING BIODEGRADABLE WASTE (INCLUDES THE BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS) TO USEFUL PRODUCT • COMPOSTING IS BIOLOGICAL RECYCLING OF CARBON • COMPOST USE REDUCES CHEMICAL INPUTS, SUPRESSES CROP DISEASES, REPLENISHES ORGANIC CARBON, INCREASES WATER & NUTRIENT RETENTION, IMPROVES SOIL PRODUCTIVITY • “SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE” SCIENCE & ENGINEERING OF COMPOSTING, HOITNIK & KEENER, EDS. 1993 Narayan -- Biodegradation of polymeric materials during composting, p. 339

35. C C C + O + C O + H e a t b i o m a s s / c o m p o s t H O + m a t e r i a l 2 2 2 + C = C C b i o m a s s ( c o m p o s t ) c e l l m a s s h u m i c m a t e r i a l n o p e r s i s t e n t / r e c a l c i t r a n t , s y n t h e t i c , o r t o x i c r e s i d u e l I m p r o v e d s o i l p r o d u c t i v i t y l S u p p o r t s m i c r o a n d m a c r o f l o r a & f a u n a a c t i v i t y l (stabilized, slow-release form of carbon and nitrogen) FIGURE 2-2. The Composting Equation.

36. CO + H O 2 2 COMPOSTING PROCESS Oxygen Moisture Microorganisms Nutrients N,P,K,... ORGANIC/COMPOSTABLE MATERIAL (carbon source) HEAT Biodegradation Chemical degradation CELL MASS Breakdown Products death Polymerization HUMUS/ COMPOST

38. RECYCLING ORGANIC WASTES TO PRODUCE QUALITY COMPOST Quality Compost Product from a Semi-Segregated Waste Stream: • Reduces chemical input requirements • Increases soil water and nutrient retention • Suppresses plant disease • Augments organic matter • Yard Wastes • Food • Paper • Biodegradables COMPOSTING INFRASTRUCTURE

39. Pilot Scale Composting of paper-yard waste

40. Pilot Scale composting of Kraft paper in yard debris mixture

41. COMPOSTING IN THE U.S.A. • Number of facilities climbing • More emphasis on quality • Source separation growing • Looking for new feedstocks • Food scraps • Manure • Becoming a Business • Not a waste option

42. High-rate Composting Curing Pre- Processing Post- Processing Feed- stocks (months) Product (weeks) rejects rejects STEPS IN COMPOST PROCESSING

43. COMPOSTABLES IN MSW (by volume)

44. Source: The Wall Street Journal, April 17, 1991. Wraps Design for complete compostability 30% Dine in 3% Plastics 8% Misc. 34% 4% Napkins Corrugated Boxes 7% Polycoated Wraps 4% Plastics or Polycoated Cups 70% Drive-thru takeout 6% External Waste Customer Orders in a Typical BK Restaurant 34% Food Waste Fully compostable Major Sources of Solid Waste in a Typical Fast-food Restaurant Composition of Typical Fast-food Restaurant Waste.

46. New Logo

47. DIN V 54900 (GERMAN) STANDARDS FOR COMPOSTABLE PLASTICS DIN CERTCO (affiliate of DIN – the German Standards Organization) has set up a certification program based on DIN V54900 standard. . A product meeting the Standard would be certified and allowed to incorporate the compostability logo LOGO US PAT 2,256,258

48. CERTIFICATION PROGRAM & LOGO BASED ON CEN (EUROPEAN) STANDARD CEN TC 261/SC4/WG2 -- Requirements for packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation. Test scheme and evaluation criteria for final acceptance of packaging