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Study of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships

Study of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships. Presented at MEPC by: Kjell Olav Skjølsvik MARINTEK James Corbett CMU Aage Bjørn Andersen DNV John Magne Skjelvik ECON. Status Emission Contribution to inventory tropospheric ozone.

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Study of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships

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  1. Study of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships Presented at MEPC by: Kjell Olav Skjølsvik MARINTEK James Corbett CMU Aage Bjørn Andersen DNV John Magne Skjelvik ECON

  2. Status Emission Contribution to inventory tropospheric ozone Assessment of available technical and operational measures Effect of implementation of technical and operational measures Case study Modal comparison Constraints and implications of introduction of pollution and safety measures Market-based approach for implementation of measures

  3. Conclusions: • Emissions from shipping may be determined by internationally recognised methods. Level of uncertainty should be reduced. • Further research is needed to verify global climate effects of NOx emissions from shipping • A variety of options are available for reduction of GHG emissions from shipping. • Technical measures will have limited potential for reduction of emissions. With a continuing growth of demand for shipping services, the emissions from shipping will increase. • Operational measures identified as the most promising measure for emission control • Emission reduction initiatives for new ship designs should be encouraged • Voluntary agreements, emission standards and credit trading considered to be the most feasible market mechanisms to curb GHG emissions • Shipping is a small contributor to global emissions and an important participant in development of sustainable transport solutions.

  4. Marine emissions in 1996 using fuel consumption methodology, applying CORINAIR emission factors

  5. Estimated traffic density based on data from 1996

  6. Estimated global mean radiative forcing (W m -2 ) and associated uncertainty due to changes in greenhouse gas concentrations and aerosols from pre-industrial times to the present (1992) and in solar output from 1850 to the present (Source IPCC)

  7. NOx and Tropospheric Ozone • The report provides: • Description of the relationship between NOx/Ozone and globale climate • Description of how to assess the effect from shipping • Presents predictions from a Global Chemical Transport Model analysis • Global impacts of ship NOx on tropospheric ozone and on global warming appears significant but still uncertain • Future research into global climate impacts from shipping will need to include effects of CO2, NOx, and SOx emissions from ships.

  8. Technical and operational measures for reductions: • Divided between new and existing ships • Divided between short-term (state-of-the-art) and long-term • Divided between technical and operational measures • Assessment of alternatives based on references found • Summary of potential for 12 technical and 10 operational measures • Variety of options and combinations available • Trade-off between emission components • Variety in cost, effect and applicability

  9. CASE STUDY POTENTIAL FOR REDUCTION BY TECHNICAL MEASURES Inventory analysis Technical measures Scenario/market 80% of emissions from 4 segments Each segment analysed (growth/ 6 measures) Two alternative scenarios for growth Results: Theoretical potential for reduction by implementation of technical measures

  10. Modal analysis - Potential for reduction by operational measures and comparison with other means of transportation • Freight transportation model • Common basic assumptions • Equal amount moved equal distance • Parametric studies performed • The 4 case ships considered also in the modal analysis • A set of operational features considered

  11. Conclusions from cases study and modal analysis: • Technical and operational measures have a limited potential for contribution to reduced emissions from ships • Different ship types have different performance and different potential for reductions by technical measures • Operational measures found to have larger potential than technical measures • Ships compare well with other modes. GHG control in freight transportation requires a system approach

  12. INTERRELATIONS: Safety and environmental protection measures Greenhouse Gas emissions Impact on GHG emissions I II III IV Other Measures affecting general efficiency New initiatives not yet in force Limiting cargo carrying capacity Introducing additional energy consumers Measure not def. as I-III

  13. Market based approaches for reducing GHG emissions from ships • Assessment of: • Voluntary Measures • Carbon Charge on Bunker Fuel • Emission Standards • Emission Trading Not very efficient Not viable at present Should be pursued Credit trading possible

  14. The objective of the study has been to undertake an examination of greenhouse gas emission reduction possibilities through different technical, operational, and market-based approaches. Available information has been compiled and presented in way that the consortium believe will be valuable for the Marine Environmental Protection Committee, in considerations and development of a policy document on greenhouse gas emissions from ships.

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