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Key Terms Chapter 7

Key Terms Chapter 7. Mia Carlos Period 1. Electromagnetic Radiation. Definition: radiant energy that exhibits wavelike behavior and travels through space at the speed of light in a vacuum. Wavelength. Definition:The distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs in a wave. Frequency.

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Key Terms Chapter 7

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  1. Key Terms Chapter 7 Mia Carlos Period 1

  2. Electromagnetic Radiation Definition: radiant energy that exhibits wavelike behavior and travels through space at the speed of light in a vacuum.

  3. Wavelength Definition:The distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs in a wave

  4. Frequency Definition:the number of waves (cycles) per second that pass a given point in space.

  5. Planck’s Constant Definition:the constant relating the change in energy for a system to the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation absorbed or emitted; equal to 6.626 x 10^ -34 J s

  6. Quantization Definition:the concept that energy can occur only in discrete units called quanta.

  7. Photon Definition:a quantum of electromagnetic radiation

  8. E=Mc^2 Definition:Einstein’s equation proposing that energy has mass; E is energy, m is mass and c is the speed of light.

  9. Dual Nature of Light Definition:the statement that light exhibits both wave and particulate properties.

  10. Diffraction Definition:the scattering of light from a regular array of points or lines, producing constructive and destructive interference.

  11. Diffraction Pattern Definition: produced by scattered radiation, the bright spots and dark areas on a photographic plate

  12. Continuous Spectrum Definition:a spectrum that exhibits all the wavelengths of visible light

  13. Line Spectrum Definition:a spectrum showing only certain discrete wavelengths

  14. Quantum Model Definition:developed by Niels Bohr, proposed that the electron in a hydrogen atom moves around the nucleus only in certain allowed circular orbits.

  15. Ground State Definition:the lowest possible energy state of an atom or molecule.

  16. Quantum (wave) Mechanical Model DefinitionA quantum mechanical model of a hydrogen atom, which has one electron, in its state of lowest energy. The varying density of the spots indicates the relative likelihood of finding the electron in any particular region

  17. Standing wave Definition:a stationary wave was on a string of a musical instrument; in the wave mechanical model , the electron in the hydrogen atom is considered to be a standing wave.

  18. Wave function Definition: a function of the coordinates of an electron’s position in three-dimensional space that describes the properties of the electron.

  19. Orbital Definition:a specific wave function for an electron in a n atom. The square of this function gives the probability distribution for the electron.

  20. Heisenberg uncertainty Principle Definition:a principle stating that there is a fundamental limitation to how precisely both the position and momentum of a particle can be known at a given time.

  21. Probability distribution Definition:the square of the wave function indicating the probability of finding an electron at a particular point in space.

  22. Radial probability distribution Definition:total probability of finding the electron in each spherical shell is plotted verses the distance from the nucleus. Radial probability Distance from nucleus (r)

  23. Quantum numbers Definition:series of numbers that characterize each orbital.

  24. Principle quantum number (n) Definition:the quantum number relating to the size and energy of an orbital; it can have any positive integer value.

  25. Angular momentum quantum number (l ) Definition:the quantum number relating to the shape of an atomic orbital, which can assume and integral value from 0 to N- 1 for each value of N

  26. Magnetic quantum number (m L ) Definition: the quantum number relating to the orientation of an orbital space relative to the other orbitals with the same quantum number. It can have integral values between L and –L including zero.

  27. Sub shell Definition:a set of orbitals with a given azimuthal quantum number

  28. Node surface Definition: latter areas of zero probability and areas of high probability that separate 2s and 3s orbitals

  29. Node Definition:an area of an orbital having zero electron probability.

  30. Degenerate Definition:Relating to two or more quantum states that share the same quantum numbers: degenerate energy levels.

  31. Electron spin Definition:s = 1/2 is an intrinsic property of electrons.

  32. Electron spin quantum number Definition:a quantum number representing one of the two possible values of the electron spin; either +1/2 or –1/2

  33. Pauli exclusion principle Definition:in a given atom, no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers.

  34. Poly electronic atoms Definition:atoms with more than one electron.

  35. Aufbau principle Definition:the principle stating that as protons are added one by one to the nucleus to build up the elements, electrons are similarly added to hydrogen-like orbitals.

  36. Hund’s rule Definition: the lowest energy configuration for an atom is the one having the maximum number of unpaired electrons allowed by the Pauli exclusion principle in a particular set of degenerate orbitals with all unpaired electrons having parallel spins.

  37. Valence electrons Definition:the electrons in the outermost principal quantum level of an atom.

  38. Core electrons Definition:an inner electron in an atom; one not in the outermost (valence) principal quantum level.

  39. Transition metals Definition:several series of elements in which inner orbitals (d or F orbitals) are being filled. Transition Metals-->

  40. Lanthanide series Definition:a group of fourteen elements following lanthanum in the periodic table, in which the 4f orbitals are being filled.

  41. Actinide series Definition:a group of 14 elements following actinium in the periodic table, in which the 5f orbitals are being filled.

  42. Main-group elements (representative elements) Definition:elements in the groups labeled 1A, 2A,3A,4A,5A,6A,7A, and 8A in the periodic table. The group number gives the sum of the valence s and p electrons. Main Group Elements

  43. First ionization energy Definition:the energy required to remove the outer most electron from a neutral atom in the gas phase

  44. Second ionization energy Definition:the energy required to remove the next outer electron from the singly charged ion.

  45. Electron Affinity Definition:the energy change associated with the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom.

  46. Atomic Radii Definition: half of the distance between the nuclei in a molecule consisting of identical atoms.

  47. Metalloids (Semimetals) Definition:elements along the division line in the periodic table between metals and nonmetals. These elements exhibit both metallic and nonmetallic properties

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