PAVES THE WAY

1. PAVES THE WAY BITUMEN

2. Tar Natural Asphalt / Rock Asphalt / Lake Asphalt Bitumen Types of Binders

3. Produced from Wood or Coal by destructive distillation process Coke Oven Tar Produced at temperatures above 1200OC during manufacturing of coke. High aromatic content. Pitch content - 50 %. Low Aromatic Tar Produced at temperatures 600OC to 700OC. Less viscous. Paraffinic in nature. Pitch content - 35 %. Tar

4. Natural Asphalt / Rock Asphalt / Lake Asphalt • Naturally occurring Bituminous binder. • Biggest deposits in Trinidad • 100 Acres, • 90 meter deep • 10 to 15 Million MT • Pen - 5 max • Asphalt found in France, Italy & Switzerland - Rock Asphalt.

5. Bitumen • Conventional Bitumen • Paving Grade Bitumen • Industrial Grade Bitumen • Cutback • Bitumen Emulsions • Modified Bitumen • Modified Bitumen Emulsions

6. B I T U M E N A VISCO - ELASTIC MATERIAL

7. In solids : E = s e where, E = Elastic modulus s =Stress e =Strain The Stiffness Concept

8. Bitumen is a visco-elastic material & it’s deformation under stress is a function of both temperature & loading time At higher temperature &/or longer loading time Behave as viscous liquids At low temperature &/or short loading time Behave as elastic solids The intermediate range of temperatures, more typical of the conditions in service, result in visco-elastic behaviour. Engineering Properties of Bitumen

9. In visco-elastic material : St,T = s et,T Where, St,T = Stiffness modulus at specific time t & Temp. T. s =Stress et,T= Strain at specific time t & temp. T. The Stiffness Concept

10. COMPOSITION B I T U M E N

11. Carbon 82 - 88 % Hydrogen 8 - 11 % Sulphur 0 - 6 % Oxygen 0 - 1.5 % Nitrogen 0 - 1 % Elemental Analysis

12. Chemical Composition Increases Penetration Decreases Penetration Increases Softening Point, reduces Penetration Index, increases Viscosity Reduces Shear Susceptibility

13. Specifications andTest Methods

14. Ensure road behaves in a predictable way Bitumen performs the desired function on the road Does not fail under predictable loads Resists deterioration of road with time Is able to withstand expected climatic conditions Mix easily and form strong bond with a wide variety of aggregates Is safe to handle Modified Bitumen and Bitumen Emulsions should be a stable mixture in storage and handling What is expected from Bitumen?

15. Hardness – Penetration Withstand high temperatures – Softening Point Withstand repetitive loading/unloading – Ductility Withstand low temperatures – Fraass breaking point Ease of mixing with aggregate – Viscosity at 135OC Safety in handling - Flash point Purity – Solubility in Trichloroethylene Weight to volume conversion – Specific gravity Deterioration of properties w.r.t. time and temperature – Thin Film Oven Test What properties need to be tested?

16. Relationship Between Properties

17. Penetration at Softening Point – 800 Penetration at Fraass Breaking Pt – 1.25 Interdependencies • Viscosity • at • Softening Point • 1200 Pa s • (12000 poise)

18. Bitumen Test Data Chart

19. Optimal Viscosity for mixing & compaction

20. Selection of GRADE

21. Choice of Bitumen is based on Climatic Conditions - Maximum & Minimum temperature & rainfall. Intensity of Traffic - Number of vehicles per day, Traffic speed & axle load of vehicles. Choice of Grade

22. Less viscous grade. Used in all climatic conditions. Suited for traffic load < 1500 cv/day. Better suited for high altitude/snow bound regions irrespective of traffic intensity. Applications of 80/100 Grade

23. More viscous grade. Higher softening point. Suited for traffic intensity > 1500 cv/day. Can withstand heavier axle loads. Better suited for highways, expressways & urban roads. Suited for areas where difference between min. & max. temp. is > 25oC. Reduced stripping in presence of water. Applications of 60/70 Grade

24. Suited for areas where diff. between min. & max. temp. < 25oC. Suited for traffic intensity > 1500 cv/ day Used in metropolitan areas. Used in airport runways. Applications of 30/40 Grade

25. Handling of BITUMEN

26. Bitumen hardens with time Softening Point increases Ductility decreases Penetration decreases Factors affecting hardening High temperature Surface area exposed to air Exposure to UV radiation Hardening of Bitumen

27. Aging of Bitumen

28. Normally Bitumen hardens by one grade during mixing and laying.

29. Bitumen Advantages

30. Smooth Safe Economical Speed Quiet Environment friendly Versatile State of-the-art Stage Construction Resistant to de-icing material Serviceability Advantages

31. Better riding quality Absence of joints Estimated 15% increase in pavement life for 50% increase in smoothness Less wear and tear to vehicle Lesser fuel consumption Enjoyable ride Smooth

32. Better skid resistance over a longer period of time Use of OGFC reduces Tyre Spray, Hydroplaning and Improves Visibility Better contrast with pavement markings Safe

33. Low initial cost compared to PCC Gap widens throughout pavement life A well designed and constructed pavement Can last for 25 to 34 years without reconstruction Can serve for 15 year or more before distresses become sufficient to require rehabilitation Economical

34. Newark Airport – 1,15,000MT in 15 days, 11,000MT in 24 hours Pave during off peak hours and open to traffic as soon as it cools down Reduces work zone accident Can result in 80% reduction in user delay costs 24-hour closure will have 3 to 10 times more vehicles pass through the work zone Speed of Construction

35. Dense graded asphalt is quieter by 2 to 3 dB(A) compared to PCC 3 dB(A) corresponds to Doubling the distance in the line of source Reducing traffic volume by 50% Reducing traffic speed by 25% Open graded Friction Course Reduces noise further Costs 1/8th of noise barrier on side of the road Aesthetically superior Quiet Pavements

36. Used for water proofing of fish ponds without any problem Very low level of leachable compounds Most recycled product in the world 100% recyclable Second highest - Aluminium cans – 60% Can use waste material from other fields also like worn out PCC Environment Friendly

37. Road design, construction and maintenance methods are being overhauled New tests being developed New plants providing high quality materials Pavers with laser controlled screeds for even smoother pavements Better material transfer vehicles for uniformity and rollers with increased compactive effort. The ultimate result of this new technology will be: smoother, more durable, longer lasting asphalt pavements State-of-the-Art

38. Bituminous pavements can be constructed in stages Being made thicker and/or wider as the need arises Each successive layer becomes an integral part of the pavement structure, increasing the load carrying capacity. Stage Construction

39. Bituminous pavements are not harmed by de-icing chemicals Also snow and ice melt quickly from bituminous pavements De-icing Materials

40. Bituminous pavements can easily maintain a high level of serviceability with minimal disruption to the traffic Can be easily trenched, patched and quickly opened to traffic when underground utilities need to be repaired. Serviceability

41. Versatile

42. Beautiful

43. MODIFIED BITUMEN Binder of the future

44. Demands on Road increasing every year Increasing Number of Vehicles Increasing Axle Load Desire to maintain higher serviceability level Higher fatigue resistance Higher resistance to weathering Better adhesion Higher stiffness modulus Lesser cracking, ravelling, deformation & creep failure Reduce number of overlays Reduction in vehicle operation cost Why Modified Bitumen?

45. Bitumen + Additives (Modifiers/Treated Crumb Rubber) Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen

46. THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS Styrene-butadiene-styrene(SBS) Styrene-butadiene-rubber (SBR) Styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) Styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene (SEBS) Ethylene-prppylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM) Isobutene-isoprene copolymer (IIR) Natural Rubber Crumb Rubber Polybutadiene (PBD) Polyisoprene THERMOPLASTIC POLYMERS Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) Ethylene methyl acrylate (EMA) Ethylene butyl acrylate (EBA) Atactic polypropylene (APP) Polyethylene (PE) Polypropylene (PP) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Polystyrene (PS) THERMOSETTING POLYMERS Epoxy resin Polyurethane resin Acrylic resin Phenolic resin CHEMICAL MODIFIERS Organo-metallic compounds Sulphur Lignin FIBRES Cellulose Alumino-magnesium silicate Glass fibre Asbestos Polyester Polypropylene ADHESION IMPROVERS Orgainc amines Amides ANTIOXIDANTS Amines Phenols Organo-zinc/organo-lead compounds NATURAL ASPHALTS Trinidad lake Asphalt (TLA) Gilsonite Rock asphalt FILLERS Carbon black Hydrated lime Lime Fly ash Types of Modifiers

47. Types of Modifiers Synthetic Elastomers SBS, SBR etc. Polymers Plastics Rubbers Crumb Rubber Natural Rubber (Latex) Thermoset Epoxy Resins Plain Thermoplastic LDPE, EVA, EBA Chemically Treated

48. Atmospheric Temperature OC Minimum Maximum <35 35-45 >45 <-10 CRMB50 CRMB 55 CRMB 55 -10 to10 CRMB 50 CRMB 55 CRMB 60 >10 CRMB 55 CRMB 55 CRMB 60 Selection Criteria

49. International Usage of Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen

50. International Use of Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen • CRMB is being used in USA from 1960 • Currently Arizona , Florida , Texas and California using 2 million tons of Rubberized Bitumen. • CRMB is very popular in Australia for chip sealing wearing courses and structural layers . • Use of CRMB is increasing in developing countries of Latin America.