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This overview explores the multifaceted political, economic, and intellectual causes behind the Chinese Revolution. Key figures such as Empress Dowager Cixi and Sun Yat-sen played pivotal roles in shaping China's destiny amid rampant foreign imperialism and internal strife. It highlights the establishment of the Kuomintang, the rise of communism under Mao Zedong, and the ultimate civil war leading to the communist victory in 1949. Understanding these elements provides critical insights into China's tumultuous history and the societal transformations that followed.
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POLITICAL CAUSES Emperors rule through autocratic rule Others too weak • Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) • De facto Chinese monarch (1861-1908) • Blamed by many Chinese for foreign imperialist power in China Emperor Puyi – the “Last Emperor”
ECONOMIC & SOCIAL CAUSES Lack of industry Foreign Imperialism Peasants had no access to land Lack of Education Little infrastructure
INTELLECTUAL CAUSES Rise of the Nationalists • Founded Kuomintang (KMT) – Nationalist party • Overthrew Manchu (Qing) dynasty, 1911 • Established a republic • President of Chinese Republic who succeeded him – Yuan Shih-k’ai Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian)
Three Principles of the People Sun Yat-sen wanted to establish a modern government based on three principles • People’s Rights- Democracy the people are sovereign • Nationalism – an end to foreign imperialism • People’s Livelihood – economic development, industrialization, land reform, and social welfare – elements of progressivism and socialism
Republic of China: Weaknesses • Disunity • Local warlords fought Kuomintang for control • Wars raged between 1912 and 1928 • Foreign imperialists • Americans, Europeans, and Japanese • Poor transportation • 1914 – only 6,000 miles of railroad track • 225,000 miles in the smaller United States • Few decent roads
Chinese Warlords, 1920s Yuan Shi-kai
Foreign Imperialists • Twenty-One Demands (1915) • Japan attempted to make China a Japanese protectorate • Action condemned and stopped by other leading world powers • World War I and the Treaty of Versailles • China declared war on Germany in hopes that Allies would concessions and extraterritoriality • Attempt failed • China did not sign the Treaty of Versailles • Japan gained mandate over most of Germany’s Asian possessions and rights
May 4th Movement • 1919- 3,000 angry students protested the Treaty of Versailles in Beijing • Demonstrations spread across the country as workers, shopkeepers, and professionals joined the cause. • Protestors demanded strong, modern government • However, many young intellectuals turned against Sun’s belief in Western democracy in favor of communism
Mao Zedong • Assistant librarian in • Beijing • 1921- Helped organize the • Chinese Communist Party • Believed he could bring • revolution to a rural • country and that peasants • could be true revolutionaries (Mao Tse-tung)
Growth of Communism • Sun Yat-sen appealed for Russian (Soviet) aid following the Versailles Conference • Sun became disillusioned with the Western democracies that refused to support his struggling government • Allied Kuomintang with the Communist party • 1921-1925 – China received advisors, arms, communist propaganda, and loans • Russia revoked its imperialist rights in China Chinese flag, 1912-1928
The Kuomintang (KMT) is Split • Right wing • Business people • Politicians • Left wing • Communists • Intellectuals • Radicals • Students
Nationalist Revolution • Sun Yat-sen died in1925 and wassucceeded by Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) • His followers were bankers/business people • Feared Communism • Government became less democratic and more corrupt • Peasants started to support communists because they lost faith in Kai-shek • Mao divided land that the Communists won among local farmers. Presidential Palace under Kuomintang Government in Nanjing
1926-1928 – war to control the warlords • Communists/Nationalists join forces. • 1927 Kai-shek turned against communists and ordered many Communist leaders and union workers killed. Killings in many Chinese cities. • Communists almost wiped out. • 1928- Jiang Jieshi becomes President of the Nationalist Republic of China. • Capital moved from Peiping (a.k.a. Peking, today’s Beijing) to Nanking (Nanjing) (Chiang Kai-shek)
Civil War in China • 1927-1932 and 1933-1937 – war between Communists and Nationalists • Communists – Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) • Nationalists – Chiang Kai-shek • War halted 1932-1933 and 1937-1945 to fight Japanese aggression • Communists were victorious in 1949 • Nationalists retreated to Formosa (Taiwan)
Civil War • Mao and other Communists leaders established themselves in the hills of south-central China. • “swimming in the peasant sea” • Recruited peasants to join the Red Army, trained them in guerilla warfare. • Nationalists failed to drive them out • Long March • 1933- Jiang’s army surrounded the Communists’ mountain stronghold. • Communists fled (100,000) • 6,000 mile journey • 1934-1935 stayed just ahead of Jiang’s forces • Thousands died of hunger, cold, exposure, and battle wounds. • Settled in caves in northwestern China, gained new followers
Japan Agression • Civil War interrupted when Japan invaded China • 1st in 1931 when Japanese invaded Manchuria • 2nd in 1937 with the invasion of China
