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Understanding Schizophrenic Disorders: Symptoms, Subtypes, and Treatment Insights

Schizophrenic disorders are complex mental health conditions characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and adaptive behavior deterioration. General symptoms include irrational thoughts, sensory perceptions without stimuli, and emotional disturbances. The disorders have several subtypes, each presenting unique manifestations such as paranoid delusions or catatonia. Genetic, neurochemical, and structural factors contribute to the etiology. Schizophrenia typically emerges in adolescence or early adulthood, with varying degrees of severity and treatment responses. Continuous research is necessary for better understanding and management.

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Understanding Schizophrenic Disorders: Symptoms, Subtypes, and Treatment Insights

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  1. SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS A class of disorders marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and deterioration of adaptive behavior

  2. GENERAL SYMPTOMS • Delusions and irrational thoughts • Delusions are false beliefs that are maintained even though they clearly are out of touch with reality • Delusions of grandeur • Deterioration of thought • Deterioration of adaptive behavior • Hallucinations: sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of a real, external stimulus or are gross distortions of perceptual input • Disturbed emotion

  3. SUBTYPES • Paranoid type: dominated by delusions of persecution, along w/delusions of grandeur • Catatonic type: striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity • Disorganized type: particularly severe deterioration of adaptive behavior • Undifferentiated type: idiosyncratic mixtures of schizophrenic symptoms

  4. POSITIVE VS. NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS • Negative symptomsinvolve behavioral deficits, such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention, and poverty of speech • Positive symptoms involve behavioral excesses or peculiarities, such as hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, and wild flights of ideas

  5. COURSE AND OUTCOME • Schizophrenia usually emerges during adolescence or early adulthood • Emergence may be sudden or gradual • Mild disorders are usually successfully treated • For some, it is chronic and permanent hospitalization is required • Males tend to have earlier onset, relapse, and more hospitalizations

  6. ETIOLOGY OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

  7. GENETIC VULNERABILITY • Strong evidence to support hereditary influence • Identical twin concordance rates at about 48% • Born to two schizophrenic parents---46%

  8. NEUROCHEMICAL FACTORS • Excess dopamine is a possibility • Possible interaction between dopamine and serotonin

  9. STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES IN THE BRAIN • CT scans and MRIs show enlarged brain ventricles in schizophrenic patients • A smaller thalamus may play a part • Psychs don’t know if these are cause or effect of schizophrenia

  10. NEURODEVELOPMENTAL HYPOTHESIS • Schizophrenia is caused in part by various disruptions in the normal maturation processes before or at birth • Studies focus on viral infections

  11. EXPRESSED EMOTION • Focuses on family dynamics influence the course of schizophrenia • Expressed emotion is the degree to which a relative of a schizophrenic patient displays highly critical or emotionally overinvolved attitudes toward the patient

  12. PERSONALITY DISORDERS A class of disorders marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functioning

  13. PERSONALITY DISORDERS • DSM-IV lists ten disorders clustered into 3 main groups: • 1) Anxious-fearful • 2) Odd-eccentric • 3) Dramatic-impulsive

  14. DIAGNOSTIC PROBLEMS • Personality disorders tend to overlap one another • Current revisions are underway for the new DSM-V, set to be published in 2013

  15. ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER • DEF: marked by impulsive, callous, manipulative, aggressive, and irresponsible behavior that reflects a failure to accept social norms • Lack a conscience • More common among males • Seen in 3-4% of pop.

  16. ETIOLOGY • May be a genetic disposition • Inherited sluggish autonomic systems • Inadequate or dysfunctional family systems may be a cause

  17. PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS AND THE LAW

  18. INSANITY • DEF: a legal status indicating that a person cannot be held responsible for his or her actions because of mental illness • M’naghtenrule: insanity exists when a mental disorder makes a person unable to distinguish right from wrong

  19. INVOLUNTARY COMMITMENT • DEF: people hospitalized in psychiatric facilities against their will • Criteria: • 1) people are dangerous to themselves • 2) dangerous to others • 3) treatment is needed

  20. CULTURE AND PATHOLOGY

  21. ARE EQUIVALENT DISORDERS FOUND AROUND THE WORLD? • Severe disorders are pancultural • Culture-bound disorders: abnormal syndromes found only in a few cultural groups • Koro, windigo, anorexia nervosa

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