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Introduction to EN 1991 (Eurocode 1: Actions on structures)

Introduction to EN 1991 (Eurocode 1: Actions on structures). Dr-Ing. Nikolaos E. Malakatas Director of Design and Studies of Road Projects Ministry of Infrastructures, Transports and Networks - GREECE Chairman of CEN/TC250/SC1. Structural safety, serviceability and durability. EN 1990.

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Introduction to EN 1991 (Eurocode 1: Actions on structures)

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  1. Introduction to EN 1991(Eurocode 1: Actions on structures) Dr-Ing. Nikolaos E. Malakatas Director of Design and Studies of Road Projects Ministry of Infrastructures, Transports and Networks - GREECE Chairman of CEN/TC250/SC1

  2. Structural safety, serviceability and durability EN 1990 LINKS BETWEEN THE EUROCODES Actions on structures EN 1991 EN 1992 EN 1993 EN 1994 EN 1995 EN 1996 EN 1999 Design and detailing Geotechnical and Seismic design EN 1997 EN 1998

  3. Time Period Phase CEN/TC250 Chairman CEN/TC250/SC1 Chairman 1980 ’s Technical preparation under EC Steering Committee 1990 – 1998/2000 ENV (under CEN) Dr Breitschaft (until 1993) Dr Lazenby Dr Menzies 1998/2000 – 2007 EN (under CEN) Prof. Bossenmeyer Prof. Gulvanessian 2008 - ? ·Implementation ·Maintenance ·Harmonization ·Dissemination ·Further development Prof. Calgaro Dr Malakatas Past and future of the EN 1991 (and the other Eurocodes)

  4. Part of Eurocode 1 : Actions on structures Title (Subject) Issued EN 1991-1-1 General actions – Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings April 2002 EN 1991-1-2 General actions – Actions on structures exposed to fire November 2002 EN 1991-1-3 General actions – Snow loads July 2003 EN 1991-1-4 General actions – Wind actions April 2005 EN 1991-1-5 General actions – Thermal actions November 2003 EN 1991-1-6 General actions – Actions during execution June 2005 EN 1991-1-7 General actions – Accidental actions July 2006 EN 1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges September 2003 EN 1991-3 Actions induced by cranes and machinery July 2006 EN 1991-4 Silos and tanks May 2006 Parts and implementation of EN 1991

  5. Partitioning of the NDPs among the Eurocodes

  6. Types of NDPs in the Eurocodes Type 1:Value (s) of (a) parameter (s).Type 2: Reference to some set of values – table (s).Type 3: Acceptance of the recommended procedure, choice of calculation approach, when alternatives are given, or introduction of a new procedure.Type 4: Country specific data (geographical, climatic, etc.). Type 5: Optional National chart (s) or table (s) of a parameter.Type 6: Diagram (s).Type 7: References to non-contradictory complementary information to assist the user to apply the Eurocodes.Type 8: Decisions on the application of informative annexes.   Type 9: Provision of further, more detailed information.Type 10: Reference to information

  7. EN 1991-1-1: Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings • Forward • Section 1 – General • Section 2 – Classification of actions • Section 3 – Design situations • Section 4 – Densities of construction and stored materials • Section 5 – Self-weight of construction works • Section 6 – Imposed loads on buildings • Annex A (informative) – Tables for nominal density of construction materials, and nominal density and angles of repose for stored materials. • Annex B (informative) – Vehicle barriers and parapets for car parks

  8. EN 1991-1-2:Actions on structures exposed to fire • Forward • Section 1 – General • Section 2 – Structural Fire design procedure • Section 3 – Thermal actions for temperature analysis • Section 4 – Mechanical actions for temperature analysis • Annex A (informative) – Parametric temperature-time curves • Annex B (informative) – Thermal actions for external members – Simplified calculation method • Annex C (informative) – Localised fires • Annex D (informative) – Advanced fire models • Annex E (informative) – Fire load densities • Annex F (informative) – Equivalent time of fire exposure • Annex G (informative) – Configuration factor

  9. EN 1991-1-2:Actions on structures exposed to fire ( cont.)

  10. EN 1991-1-3: Snow loads • Forward • Section 1 – General • Section 2 – Classification of actions • Section 3 – Design situations • Section 4 – Snow load on the ground • Section 5 – Snow load on roofs • Section 6 – Local effects

  11. EN 1991-1-3: Snow loads (cont.) • Annex A(normative) – Design situations and load arrangements to be used for different locations • Annex B (normative) – Snow load shape coefficients for exceptional snow drifts • Annex C (informative) – European Ground Snow Load Maps • Annex D (informative) – Adjustment of the ground snow load according to the return period • Annex E (informative) – Bulk weight density of snow

  12. EN 1991-1-3: Snow loads (cont.)

  13. EN 1991-1-4: Wind actions • Forward • Section 1 – General • Section 2 – Design situations • Section 3 – Modelling of wind actions • Section 4 – Wind velocity and velocity pressure • Section 5 – Wind actions • Section 6 – Structural factor cs cd • Section 7 – Pressure and force coefficients • Section 8 – Wind actions on bridges

  14. EN 1991-1-4: Wind actions (cont.) • Annex A (informative) – Terrain effects • Annex B (informative) – Procedure 1 for determining the structural factor cs cd • Annex C (informative) – Procedure 2 for determining the structural factor cs cd • Annex D (informative) – cs cd values for different types of structures • Annex E (informative) – Vortex shedding and aeroelastic instabilities • Annex F (informative) – Dynamic characteristics of structures

  15. EN 1991-1-5: Thermal actions • Forward • Section 1 – General • Section 2 – Classification of actions • Section 3 – Design situations • Section 4 – Representation of actions • Section 5 – Temperature changes in buildings • Section 6 – Temperature changes in bridges • Section 7 – Temperature changes in industrial chimneys, pipelines, silos, tanks and cooling towers

  16. EN 1991-1-5: Thermal actions (cont.) • Annex A(normative) – Isotherms of national minimum and maximum shade air temperatures. • Annex B (normative) – Temperature differences for various surfacing depths • Annex C (informative) – Coefficients of linear expansion • Annex D (informative) – Temperature profiles in buildings and other construction works

  17. EN 1991-1-6:Actions during execution • Forward • Section 1 – General • Section 2 – Classification of actions • Section 3 – Design situations and limit states • Section 4 – Representation of actions • Annex A1(normative) – Supplementary rules for buildings • Annex A2(normative) – Supplementary rules for bridges • Annex B (informative) – Actions on structures during alteration, reconstruction or demolition

  18. EN 1991-1-7: Accidental actions • Forward • Section 1 – General • Section 2 – Classification of actions • Section 3 – Design situations • Section 4 – Impact • Section 5 – Internal explosions • Annex A (informative) – Design for consequences of localised failure in buildings from an unspecified cause • Annex B (informative) – Information on risk assessment • Annex C (informative) – Dynamic design for impact • Annex D (informative) – Internal explosions - D.1 : Dust explosions in rooms, vessels and bunkers - D.2 : Natural gas explosions - D.3 : Explosions in road and rail tunnels

  19. EN 1991-1-7: Accidental actions

  20. EN 1991-1-7: Accidental actions

  21. EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges • Forward • Section 1 – General • Section 2 – Classification of actions • Section 3 – Design situations • Section 4 – Road traffic actions and other actions specifically for road bridges • Section 5 – Actions on footways, cycle tracks and footbridges • Section 6 – Traffic actions and other actions specifically for railway bridges

  22. EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges (cont.) • Annex A (informative) – Models of special vehicles for road bridges • Annex B (informative) – Fatigue life assessment for road bridges assessment method based on recorded traffic • Annex C (normative) – Dynamic factors 1 + φfor real trains • Annex D (normative) – Basis for the fatigue assessment of railway structures • Annex E (informative) – Limits of validity of load model HSLM and the selection of the critical universal train from HSLM-A • Annex F (informative) – Criteria to be satisfied if a dynamic analysis is not required • Annex G (informative) – Method for determining the combined response of a structure and track to variable actions • Annex F (informative) – Load models for rail traffic loads in transient design situations

  23. EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges (cont.)

  24. EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges (cont.)

  25. EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges (cont.)

  26. EN 1991-2: Traffic loads on bridges (cont.)

  27. EN 1991-3:Actions induced by cranes and machinery • Forward • Section 1 – General • Section 2 – Actions induced by hoists and cranes on runway beams • Section 3 – Actions induced by machinery • Annex A(normative) – Basis of design - Supplementary clauses to EN 1990 for runway beams loaded by cranes • Annex B (informative) – Guidance for crane classification for fatigue

  28. EN 1991-4: Silos and tanks • Forward • Section 1 – General • Section 2 – Representation an classification of actions • Section 3 – Design situations • Section 4 – Properties of particulate solids • Section 5 – Loads on the vertical walls of silos • Section 6 – Loads on silo hoppers and silo bottoms • Section 7 – Loads on tanks from liquids

  29. EN 1991-4: Silos and tanks (cont.) • Annex A(normative) – Basis of design – Supplementary paragraphs to EN 1990 for silos and tanks • Annex B (normative) – Partial factors and combinations of actions on tanks • Annex C (informative) – Measurements of properties of solids for silo load evaluation • Annex D (informative) – Evaluation of properties of solids for silo load evaluation • Annex E (informative) – Values of the properties of particulate solids • Annex F (informative) – Flow pattern determination • Annex G (informative) – Alternative rules for pressures in hoppers • Annex H (informative) – Actions due to dust explosions

  30. EN 1991-4: Silos and tanks (cont.)

  31. Background Documents and other supporting material • Almost all Eurocodes represent the state-of-the-art in the respective scientific and technical field at the time of their drafting • The scientific and technical basis of EN 1991 included mainly : - the systematic review of the existing relevant national codes and practices - consideration of relevant international standards (e.g. ISO Standards) or codes (e.g. JCSS Model Codes) - recent (prenormative) research results (e.g. European Snow Map) - calibration of load models based on probabilistic approaches and appropriate measurements (e.g. traffic loads for road bridges)

  32. Background Documents and other supporting material (cont.) - Well-established relevant international literature • Strictly speaking, as Background Documents (BD)are considered all of the aforementioned material that has been taken into account by the relevant Project Team, during the drafting of the Eurocodes. • All other relevant material, including literature, workshops and seminars, handbooks, guides and books or articles, are considered to be additional information and supporting material. A typical example are the 5 handbooks prepared in the framework of a Leonardo Da Vinci European Project (Handbook 3is very closely linked to EN 1991, since it is dedicated to “Action Effects on Buildings”, and Handbook 4is dedicated to the “Design of Bridges”). This material is accessible on the Eurocodes website.

  33. Background Documents and other supporting material (cont.) • The uploading of the Background Documents (BD) for EN 1991 is under way by the Secretary of EN/TC250/SC1. Until recently BD have been uploaded for the following Parts of EN 1991 : - EN 1991-1-1 - EN 1991-1-2 - EN 1991-1-3 - EN 1991-1-6 - EN 1991-1-7 and Handbooks 1 to 5 • Additional information can also be found in the relevant websites, e.g. http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu, and other links (e.g. NSO et al.)

  34. Present and Future of the EN 1991 • On national level : Full implementation. Several countries have already issued their national standard EN 1991, but uploading of the NDPs in the ad-hoc data base of JRC Ispra goes is still in progress • Some prospects for the future : - Establishing additional load models for new railway loads - Including eventually the ISO Standards on “Waves and Currents” and on “Atmospheric Icing” - Extending the Eurocodes to include structural glass, FRP, membrane structures (- Extending the snow map and other climatic data to cover the new EU Member States)

  35. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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