Literacia de computadoras Historia

8. TELAR DE JACQUARD

10. MAQUINA DIFERENCIAL DE BABBAGE

11. MOTOR ANALITICO DE BABBAGE

14. The Atanasoff�Berry Computer (ABC) was the world's first electronic digital computer[1], but it was not programmable.[2] Conceived in 1937, the machine was designed only to solve systems of linear equations. It was successfully tested in 1942. However, its intermediate result storage mechanism, a paper card writer/reader, was unreliable, and when Atanasoff left Iowa State University for World War II assignments, work on the machine was discontinued.[3] The ABC pioneered important elements of modern computing, including binary arithmetic and electronic switching elements,[4] but its special-purpose nature and lack of a changeable, stored program distinguish it from modern computers.The Atanasoff�Berry Computer (ABC) was the world's first electronic digital computer[1], but it was not programmable.[2] Conceived in 1937, the machine was designed only to solve systems of linear equations. It was successfully tested in 1942. However, its intermediate result storage mechanism, a paper card writer/reader, was unreliable, and when Atanasoff left Iowa State University for World War II assignments, work on the machine was discontinued.[3] The ABC pioneered important elements of modern computing, including binary arithmetic and electronic switching elements,[4] but its special-purpose nature and lack of a changeable, stored program distinguish it from modern computers.

15. Konrad Zuse (German pronunciation:�['k?n?at 'tsu?z?]; June 22, 1910 Berlin - December 18, 1995 H�nfeld) was a German civil engineer and computer pioneer. His greatest achievement was the world's first functional program-controlled Turing-complete computer, the Z3, in 1941 (the program was stored on a punched tape). He received the Werner-von-Siemens-Ring in 1964 for the Z3.[1] Zuse also designed the first high-level programming language, Plankalk�l, first published in 1948, although this was a theoretical contribution, since the language was not implemented in his lifetime and did not directly influence early languages. One of the inventors of ALGOL (Rutishauser) wrote: "The very first attempt to devise an algorithmic language was undertaken in 1948 by K. Zuse. His notation was quite general, but the proposal never attained the consideration it deserved."Konrad Zuse (German pronunciation:�['k?n?at 'tsu?z?]; June 22, 1910 Berlin - December 18, 1995 H�nfeld) was a German civil engineer and computer pioneer. His greatest achievement was the world's first functional program-controlled Turing-complete computer, the Z3, in 1941 (the program was stored on a punched tape). He received the Werner-von-Siemens-Ring in 1964 for the Z3.[1] Zuse also designed the first high-level programming language, Plankalk�l, first published in 1948, although this was a theoretical contribution, since the language was not implemented in his lifetime and did not directly influence early languages. One of the inventors of ALGOL (Rutishauser) wrote: "The very first attempt to devise an algorithmic language was undertaken in 1948 by K. Zuse. His notation was quite general, but the proposal never attained the consideration it deserved."

17. MARK I

18. ENIAC (pronounced ['?ni�k]), short for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer,[1][2] was the first general-purpose electronic computer. It was a Turing-complete, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems.[3] ENIAC was designed to calculate artillery firing tables for the U.S. Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, but its first use was in calculations for the hydrogen bomb.[4][5] When ENIAC was announced in 1946 it was heralded in the press as a "Giant Brain". It boasted speeds one thousand times faster than electro-mechanical machines, a leap in computing power that no single machine has since matched. This mathematical power, coupled with general-purpose programmability, excited scientists and industrialists. The inventors promoted the spread of these new ideas by teaching a series of lectures on computer architecture. The ENIAC's design and construction were financed by the United States Army during World War II. The construction contract was signed on June 5, 1943, and work on the computer was begun in secret by the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering starting the following month under the code name "Project PX". The completed machine was unveiled on February 14, 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania, having cost almost $500,000. It was formally accepted by the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps in July 1946. ENIAC was shut down on November 9, 1946 for a refurbishment and a memory upgrade, and was transferred to Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland in 1947. There, on July 29, 1947, it was turned on and was in continuous operation until 11:45 p.m. on October 2, 1955. ENIAC was conceived and designed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania.[6] The team of design engineers assisting the development included Robert F. Shaw (function tables), Chuan Chu (divider/square-rooter), Kite Sharpless (master programmer), Arthur Burks (multiplier), Harry Huskey (reader/printer), Jack Davis (accumulators) and Iredell Eachus Jr.[7]ENIAC (pronounced ['?ni�k]), short for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer,[1][2] was the first general-purpose electronic computer. It was a Turing-complete, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems.[3] ENIAC was designed to calculate artillery firing tables for the U.S. Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, but its first use was in calculations for the hydrogen bomb.[4][5] When ENIAC was announced in 1946 it was heralded in the press as a "Giant Brain". It boasted speeds one thousand times faster than electro-mechanical machines, a leap in computing power that no single machine has since matched. This mathematical power, coupled with general-purpose programmability, excited scientists and industrialists. The inventors promoted the spread of these new ideas by teaching a series of lectures on computer architecture. The ENIAC's design and construction were financed by the United States Army during World War II. The construction contract was signed on June 5, 1943, and work on the computer was begun in secret by the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering starting the following month under the code name "Project PX". The completed machine was unveiled on February 14, 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania, having cost almost $500,000. It was formally accepted by the U.S. Army Ordnance Corps in July 1946. ENIAC was shut down on November 9, 1946 for a refurbishment and a memory upgrade, and was transferred to Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland in 1947. There, on July 29, 1947, it was turned on and was in continuous operation until 11:45 p.m. on October 2, 1955. ENIAC was conceived and designed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania.[6] The team of design engineers assisting the development included Robert F. Shaw (function tables), Chuan Chu (divider/square-rooter), Kite Sharpless (master programmer), Arthur Burks (multiplier), Harry Huskey (reader/printer), Jack Davis (accumulators) and Iredell Eachus Jr.[7]

19. Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) was an early British computer. The machine, having been inspired by John von Neumann's seminal First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, was constructed by Maurice Wilkes and his team at the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in England. EDSAC was the first practical stored-program electronic computer.[1] Later the project was supported by J. Lyons & Co. Ltd., a British firm, who were rewarded with the first commercially applied computer, LEO I, based on the EDSAC design. EDSAC ran its first programs on 6�May 1949, when it calculated a table of squares[2] and a list of prime numbers.Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) was an early British computer. The machine, having been inspired by John von Neumann's seminal First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC, was constructed by Maurice Wilkes and his team at the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in England. EDSAC was the first practical stored-program electronic computer.[1] Later the project was supported by J. Lyons & Co. Ltd., a British firm, who were rewarded with the first commercially applied computer, LEO I, based on the EDSAC design. EDSAC ran its first programs on 6�May 1949, when it calculated a table of squares[2] and a list of prime numbers.

23. DEFINICI�N Se denomina �Generaci�n de computadoras� a cualquiera de los per�odos en que se divide la historia de las computadoras

24. LAS 5 GENERACIONES HASTA LA ACTUALIDAD 1� Generaci�n: Las computadoras estaban construidas con electr�nica de v�lvulas y se programaban en lenguaje de m�quina. 2� generaci�n: Ya no son de v�lvulas de vac�o, sino con transistores, son m�s peque�as y consumen menos electricidad que las anteriores. 3� generaci�n: Son las computadoras que comienzan a utilizar circuitos integrados. 4� generaci�n: Se caracteriza por la integraci�n a gran escala de circuitos integrados y transistores (m�s circuitos por unidad de espacio). 5� generaci�n: Las computadoras de quinta generaci�n son computadoras basados en inteligencia artificial.

25. 1� GENERACI�N (1946-1959) Se caracteriza por el rasgo m�s prominente de la ENIAC (Computador e Integrador Num�rico Electr�nico): tubos de vac�o (bulbos) y programaci�n basada en el lenguaje de m�quina. Durante la d�cada de 1950 se construyeron varias computadoras notables, cada una contribuy� con avances significativos: uso de la aritm�tica binaria, acceso aleatorio y el concepto de programas almacenados. La primera computadora digital electr�nica de la historia Era capaz de efectuar cinco mil sumas por segundo. Fue hecha por un equipo de ingenieros y cient�ficos encabezados por los doctores John W. Mauchly y J. Prester Eckert en la universidad de Pennsylvania, en los Estados Unidos.

26. 2� GENERACI�N (1959-1964) Estas computadoras comenzaron a utilizar transistores. Se comunicaban mediante lenguajes de alto nivel. El invento de los transistores signific� un gran avance, ya que permiti� la construcci�n de computadoras m�s poderosas, m�s confiables, y menos costosas. Adem�s ocupaban menos espacio y produc�an menos calor que las computadoras que operaban a bases de tubos de vac�o. Maurice Wilkes inventa la microprogramaci�n, que simplifica mucho el desarrollo de las CPU.

27. 3� GENERACI�N (1964-1980) A mediados de los a�os 60 se produjo, la invenci�n de Jack St. Claire Kilby y Robert Noyce del circuito integrado o microchip, despu�s llev� a la invenci�n de Ted Hoff del microprocesador, en Intel. A partir de finales de 1960, empezaron a empaquetarse varios transistores diminutos y otros componentes electr�nicos en una sola pastilla o encapsulado. Naturalmente, con estas pastillas (circuitos integrados) era mucho m�s f�cil montar aparatos complicados: receptores de radio o televisi�n y computadoras. Estas computadoras de tercera generaci�n sustituyeron totalmente a los de segunda, introduciendo una forma de programar que a�n se mantiene en las grandes computadoras actuales. Los microprocesadores son los circuitos integrados m�s avanzados. En la foto. Chips de memoria con una ventana de cristal de cuarzo que posibilita su borrado mediante luz ultravioleta. Los microprocesadores son los circuitos integrados m�s avanzados. En la foto. Chips de memoria con una ventana de cristal de cuarzo que posibilita su borrado mediante luz ultravioleta.

28. 4� GENERACI�N (1980-1984) Dos mejoras en la tecnolog�a de las computadoras marcan el inicio de la cuarta generaci�n: el reemplazo de las memorias con n�cleos magn�ticos, por las de chips de silicio y la colocaci�n de muchos m�s componentes en un Chip: producto de la micro miniaturizaci�n de los circuitos electr�nicos. El tama�o reducido del microprocesador de chips hizo posible la creaci�n de las computadoras personales. Las microcomputadoras o Computadoras Personales (PC�s) tuvieron su origen con la creaci�n de los microprocesadores. Las PC�s son computadoras para uso personal y relativamente son baratas y actualmente se encuentran en las oficinas, escuelas y hogares. Hicieron su gran debut las microcomputadoras.

29. 5� GENERACI�N Fue un proyecto ambicioso lanzado por Jap�n a finales de los 70. Su objetivo era el desarrollo de una clase de computadoras que utilizar�an t�cnicas de inteligencia artificial al nivel del lenguaje de m�quina y ser�an capaces de resolver problemas complejos, como la traducci�n autom�tica de una lengua natural a otra. El proyecto dur� diez a�os, los campos principales para la investigaci�n de este proyecto inicialmente eran: -Tecnolog�as para el proceso del conocimiento. -Tecnolog�as para procesar bases de datos y bases de conocimiento masivo. -Sitios de trabajo del alto rendimiento. -Inform�ticas funcionales distribuidas. -Supercomputadoras para el c�lculo cient�fico.

32. VALVULAS AL VACIO

33. TRANSISTOR

34. CHIPS

35. COMPARACION DE TAMA�OSVALVULAS AL VACIO - TRANSISTORES -CIRCUITOS L.S.I.

36. CIRCUITOS V.L.S.I.

37. CIRCUITOS V.L.S.I.

38. SUPERCOMPUTADORA CRAY

39. MAINFRAME