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BLOCK REVIEW

BLOCK REVIEW. For Tomorrow. Bring pens and pencils to exam Bring watch to guarantee you can time yourself 1 hour for 75 multiple choice 75 minutes (1hour, 15 minutes) for 3 CRQs Get plenty of sleep tonight

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BLOCK REVIEW

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  1. BLOCK REVIEW

  2. For Tomorrow • Bring pens and pencils to exam • Bring watch to guarantee you can time yourself • 1 hour for 75 multiple choice • 75 minutes (1hour, 15 minutes) for 3 CRQs • Get plenty of sleep tonight • Eat breakfast tomorrow morning and eat lunch 4th period tomorrow (tell your teacher you have to) • Report to library at 11:30

  3. Test Taking Advice • READ CAREFULLY • For multiple choice, cross out answers that don’t make sense • If a question is taking you too long to answer, take a quick guess and make a mark next to it • You can come back to question if you have time • For CRQ, jot down discussion points and examples that you will discuss next to each question • Try to include APHG vocabulary and concepts wherever you can • Answer the question you feel most confident on first • PACE YOURSELF

  4. Demographic Transition Model

  5. Apply to DTM… • Epidemiologic Transition • Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition

  6. Population Growth J-Curve (exponential growth) S-Curve (varying growth)

  7. 8. Gravity Model (bottom) • Effect of distance on interaction (inverse) • 1) larger places attract people, ideas, and commodities more than smaller places, • 2) places closer together have a greater attraction • 3) world class cities will have a high relationship even though the distance is far (e.g. New York City and Tokyo)

  8. Spread investment evenly across country • Eliminate foreign competition (tariffs, quotas) • Encourage independence from MDCs • Focus on developing one asset that other countries want (resource, manufacturing, tourism) • Dependent on other countries • Examples: Rostow’s Model (Asian Tigers, Petroleum Producers) Self-Sufficiency International Trade

  9. Instead of just focusing on industries in your own country, you focus on unique asset that you could provide to other countries. You then work on developing that industry.

  10. ROSTOW

  11. Increasing Development • Structural adjustment programs: outline goals for increasing development (sometimes this involves too many cuts in spending) • Organizations that finance development • World Bank and International Monetary Fund • Foreign Direct Investment (Trans-national corporations invest a country) • Problem is this investment is uneven • Headquarters in MDCs • WTO (World Trade Organization

  12. Von Thunen • Commercial agriculture only • Analyzes where to locate various agricultural activities based on land costs and transportation costs (land use model) • Activities that are intensive locate near center • Land is expensive but transportation cost is low • Higher population density • Market gardening and dairy (perishable, heavy) • Activities that are extensive locate in outer rings • Land is cheap, but transportation cost is high • Lower population density • Grains and livestock ranching

  13. Von Thunen

  14. Weber • Least cost theory based on situation factors • Analyzes where to locate factory in relation to raw materials and market; based on transportation costs • Transportation costs determined by bulk-gaining or bulk-reducing • Bulk-gaining (locate near market) • Bulk-reducing (locate near raw materials) • Today, labor costs (site factors) are becoming more important therefore this theory is becoming somewhat outdated

  15. RM 1 RM 2 RM = Raw Materials P = Production Point M = Market P BULK GAINING bulk reducing or bulk gaining? M

  16. RM 1 RM 2 P RM = Raw Materials P = Production Point M = Market BULK REDUCING bulk reducing or bulk gaining? M

  17. Concentric Zone Theory

  18. Sector Model

  19. Multiple Nuclei Model

  20. Peripheral Model

  21. U.S. CENTER OF POPULATION

  22. Borchert’s Model of Urban Evolution (Growth of U.S. cities) • = Industrial Cities Along Railroads (Detroit, Chicago, Pittsburgh) • = Modern Cities Along Roads (suburbs)

  23. Central Place Theory

  24. Contemporary Tools • GIS (geographic information system): computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic data • Stores information in layers

  25. Contemporary Tools • GPS (Global Positioning System): accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth • U.S.: 2 dozen satellites placed in predetermined orbits • Example of remote sensing (gathering of info about Earth from satellite)

  26. More Vocabulary • Smart growth • Better city planning to limit urban sprawl • Just-in-time delivery • Schedule deliveries just before they are needed to save warehouse storage space • Edge city • Functions like a CBD (commercial, shopping, offices, entertainment) but in the suburbs • Transhumance • Seasonal migration between lowlands and highlands; practiced by pastoral nomads

  27. Green Revolution • Why? • Methods? Key crops? • Where in the world effective? • Where in the world limited?

  28. Labor intensive for agriculture • Small amount of land, huge amount of labor • Labor intensive for industry • High percent of costs are labor e.g. textiles

  29. Coal, iron ore

  30. Natural gas

  31. Note that Japan lacks natural resources

  32. Renewable vs. Nonrenewable • Renewable: can be used again • Hydroelectric, solar, nuclear, wind, biomass, geothermal • Nonrenewable: do not replenish themselves • Fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, coal) • Causes acid rain • Causes global warming • U.S. is leading consumer of fossil fuels • Creates resource crisis Greenhouse effect: increase in Earth’s temperature

  33. Proven reserves (known) Potential reserves (possibly)

  34. Renewable vs. Nonrenewable • Tragedy of the commons: humans will do what’s best for them, despite what is best for public good • Debt for nature swap: forgiveness of debts in exchange for the setting aside of land for conservation or preservation • Extractive industries: find most efficient way to remove resources from earth with minimal disruption to the natural environment

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