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Ton Goeman (Meertens Institute Amsterdam) Hans Van de Velde (Université Libre de Bruxelles)

Linguistic and geographical co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /g/ in Dutch dialects. Ton Goeman (Meertens Institute Amsterdam) Hans Van de Velde (Université Libre de Bruxelles). Based on a new dialect survey. A. Dutch-Flemish Dialect Conference 1975

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Ton Goeman (Meertens Institute Amsterdam) Hans Van de Velde (Université Libre de Bruxelles)

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  1. Linguistic and geographical co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /g/ in Dutch dialects Ton Goeman (Meertens Institute Amsterdam) Hans Van de Velde (Université Libre de Bruxelles)

  2. Based on a new dialect survey • A. Dutch-Flemish Dialect Conference 1975 • B. Lacuna’s in phonological and morphological dialect knowledge • C. Structure of changing dialects at the end of the 20th century • D. Fieldwork

  3. HOW? • A. Questionnaire & transcriptions in narrow IPA • B. Localities • 410 localities in the Netherlands • 210 localities in Belgium • 52 localities in the province of Friesland • C. Collaboration • Meertens Instituut / Ghent / Leuven / Groningen / Fryske Akademy / Free University Amsterdam

  4. Results fieldwork 1982-1992 • Transcriptions entered in databank: • Netherlands: 365 localities; 25 by Groningen: Drente • Belgium: 189 localities • Total: 554 • Friesland: 23 localities only fragmentarily

  5. Distribution of the 554 localities

  6. Phonology: what? Vocalism: Long (also historically long) Short (id.) Diphthongs (id.) With & without front mutation factor Open & closed syllables

  7. Vocalism (cont.) • Before all rhyme positions (voiced & voiceless ): • -t/d, s/z, p/b, f/v, k, ch/g, l, r, n, m, w, j, morpheme final, st/sp/sk, ts/ps/ks, ft/cht, • r+t/d, r+s/z, r+labial, l+velar, r+l, r+n, r+m • n+t/d, n+s/z, m+p, ng(+velar) • l+alveolar, l+labial, l+velar, l+m • l+CC, r+CC, n+CC

  8. Consonants wordinitially (before different vowels) • New with respect to past projects: • Completeness • Unknown state of affairs: e.g.: pronunciation of / g /: ‘soft’ g en ‘harsh’ g • Not transcribed in the past • Not retraceable by postal questionnaire • Example as making part of future volume of FAND: ‘g’ in geven ‘give’: __[-back]

  9. /ƒ/ in ‘geven’ Fieldwork Amsterdam Leuven Gent Groningen

  10. Total: 1878 wordforms, wordgroups or sentences • 286 wordforms with / g / • 76 wordinitial wordforms with / r / • 62 wordfinal wordforms with / r /

  11. Items chosen for /r/ • Initial / r / • riem ‘belt’ / i / regen ‘rain’ / e. /, rest ‘rest’ / E /, rood ‘red’ / o. / • Initial / r / cluster • vroeg ‘early’ / u /, groen ‘green’, droog ‘dry’ /o./, groot ‘great’ /o./ • Final / r / • bier ‘beer / i. /’, weer ‘anew’ / e. /, meer ‘more’, zwaar ‘heavy’ / a, /, zuur ‘sour’ / y /, duur ‘expensive’ / y /

  12. Items chosen for /g/ • Initial (/ I , e. , E , a ,A,ç , o. , u /) • gisteren ‘yesterday’, geel ‘yellow’, geven ‘give, geld ‘money’, gapen ‘yawn’, gaan ‘go’, gal ‘bile’, god ‘god’, goot ‘gutter, goed ‘good’ • Final (/ e. , E, u /) • deeg ‘pastry’, weg ‘way, vroeg ‘early’

  13. Overall frequency of variants and geographical distribution • Frequencies of variants may be more or less the same when the whole linguistic area is taken into account • tables • However, the distribution of variants may differ when we look at their geographical spread • maps

  14. Before high front vowel

  15. Before front vowels

  16. Before back vowel

  17. After high front vowel

  18. After front vowels

  19. After low front vowel

  20. After front rounded vowels

  21. After back vowels

  22. Different realisations of ‘palatal’ /g / Goeman (1999)

  23. Before front vowel

  24. Before front vowels

  25. Before / E / and / o. /

  26. (back variants of / a / e.g. in the east)

  27. Back vowels

  28. Front ~back vowels

  29. / r / versus / g / word initially Front vowels

  30. / r / versus / g / word finally Front vowels

  31. Conclusions for / r / and / g / • Regions with velar g show also apical r • Regions with palatal g show uvular R • But not in the North East • Not word finally in North Holland • Regions with extremely fronted /g/ are kernel regions with uvular R • Initially • Region with faryngeal~h g show apical r • Finally • Region with velar g show apical r • In Zealand

  32. Conclusions specific for / g / • Word finally, allophonic distribution is more clear than word initially • Sometimes word specific • Contrary to the Standard Language, uvular / g / is in the minority in the dialects

  33. Conclusions specific for / r / compared to / g / • Initially, no allophonic vowel distribution effects for / r / • Cfr. Van Reenen • While light allophonic vowel distribution effects for for / g / • South and East /R/ from Germany • Cfr. Van Reenen (Cologne?) • While palatal / g / autochtonous (or from Cologne?) • Cfr. for Cologne Weijnen

  34. Realization of (g)

  35. Realization of (r)

  36. Correlation Coefficients all correlations are significant, p<.001

  37. Fieldwork, IPA transcriptions or data entry/correction Amsterdam • J. Aben, B. van den Berg, J. Buitenhuis, D. Coppes, J. Daan, M. Engelen, M. Fransen, L. Gijsbers, T. Goeman, R. Hofstee, E. van Houten, T. de Jong, I. Kemperman-van Driel, A. Klaassen, M. Klamer, G. Kocks, J. Kruijssen, Lutz, E. Matthijs, M. van Mulken, A. Ottow-Kolman, B. Pijn, S. van der Ree, P. van Reenen, K. van Reenen-Stein, A. de Reus, J. de Rooij, M. Schellevis, M. Stols, H. Veenhof-Haan, P. Veerman, P. van Vliet, A. de Vries, C. van Zaanen

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