What was the Tom Thumb and why was it significant?

1. What was the Tom Thumb and why was it significant? It was a locomotive that was credited with bringing “railroad fever” to the United States.

2. 40. Why were changes to manufacturing needed in the mid-1700s? • a. Factory owners were not satisfied with the size of their profits. • b. Demand was greater than the available supply of goods. • c. Workers were not satisfied with the level of their daily wages. • d. Traders faced higher shipping prices for smaller amounts of goods.

3. Why did companies build their factories closer to cities and transportation centers in the mid-1800s? It provided easier access to workers.

4. How did technological developments during the Industrial Revolution enable people to build factories almost anywhere? The shift to steam power meant factories no longer had to be built near streams, rivers, or waterfalls.

5. The telegraph was significant because it Enabled people to send news quickly from coast to coast.

6. The telegraph was invented several years before it went into operation. What was the reason for the delay? Samuel Morse was at first unable to connect two locations with telegraph wires.

7. 34. How did the War of 1812 help American manufacturing? • a. The government built factories to produce needed uniforms and weapons. • b. Tariffs on foreign goods encouraged Americans to buy domestic goods. • c. Foreign goods became too expensive so politicians placed tariffs on them. • d. The government boycotted British products that Americans also produced.

8. Coal was a more appealing fuel source than wood because it Produced more energy

9. 29. For how long would a typical “Lowell girl” stay at the mills? • a. a decade • b. four years • c. one year • d. nine months

10. By 1860, Isaac Singer’s company was the world’s largest maker of Sewing machines.

11. 36. What was Eli Whitney’s influence on American manufacturing? • a.He designed a way to produce inexpensive clocks. • b.He served as President Adams’ secretary of war. • c.He came up with the idea of interchangeable parts. • d.He argued that all manufacturing should be done by hand.

12. How did the Transportation Revolution affect America’s farming industry? Settlers plowed up prairies and cut down trees to make farmland out of the Midwest.

13. Steel is made through a process called smelting, which means Heating iron ore to very high temperatures.

14. What challenges did engineers and mechanics face while building railroads? The railroads had to pass through mountains and rivers.

15. What did the Supreme Court decide in the case of Gibbons v. Ogden? • Aaron Ogden could monopolize the steamboat business in New York. • Thomas Gibbons’ federal license had priority over Aaron Ogden’s state license. • Travel licenses had to be granted by the federal government to be legitimate. d. Thomas Gibbons had to share use of the New York waterway with Aaron Ogden.

16. Gibbons v. Ogden was a Supreme Court case about ………? Thomas Gibbons’ federal license had priority over Aaron Ogden’s state license.

17. 31. The “Rhode Island system” was Samuel Slater’s strategy of • a. hiring families of workers and dividing factory work into simple tasks. • b. paying workers in company-store credit and reinvesting cash in the business. • c. building houses for workers in exchange for the promise of company loyalty. • d. hiring unmarried women and designing dual-purpose factory equipment.

18. In the mid-1800s, companies began to mass-produce earlier inventions. What effect did this have on families? They could buy items they could not afford in the past.

19. 43. Who was the man responsible for bringing new textile machines to the United States? • a. Samuel Slater • b. Moses Brown • c. Richard Arkwright • d. James Hargreaves

20. Why was the steamboat well suited to river travel? It traveled well upstream.

21. 32. What did textile manufacturers do to keep the costs of running a mill low? • a. cut back on the maintenance of machinery • b. hired children and paid them very little • c. trained apprentices in exchange for decades of labor • d. fed workers instead of paying wages in cash

22. Robert Fulton’s first full-sized commercial steamboat was called the Clermont

23. 37. “I am persuaded that machinery moved by water [and] adapted to this business would greatly reduce the labor and facilitate [speed] the manufacture of this article.” What was Eli Whitney’s purpose for making this statement? • a. let his audience know about a new manufacturing plant • b. argue for the benefits of trying one of his ideas • c. describe in specific detail how a new invention of his works • d. tell manufacturers how to lower the cost of labor

24. Two new forms of transportation invented during the Transportation Revolution were the….? Steam-powered train and the steamboat.

25. 41. The Industrial Revolution is best defined as a • a. period of rapid growth during which machines became essential to industry. • b. series of explosive encounters between workers and wealthy factory owners. • c. time of great excitement about mechanical approaches to controlling Nature. • d. period of turmoil and upheaval within the United States government.

26. Why were most early strikes by union members unsuccessful? The courts and the police did not take their side.

27. How did the inventions of the plow and the reaper help the farming industry? They allowed farmers to plant and harvest huge crop fields.

28. 38. The tools used to produce items or to do work are known as • a. interchangeable parts. • b. mass production. • c. muskets. • d. technology.

29. What was a trade union? Organization of workers who tried to improve pay and working conditions for members.

30. 30. What happened to workers in the textile industry as a result of Francis Cabot Lowell’s introduction of a new system? • a. Many mill workers were laid off because Lowell’s power loom did the work of two different types of machine. • b. Investors were hesitant to provide financial support because they did not believe that the power loom would be successful. • c. Male mill workers came to resent female mill workers because Lowell paid women more than he paid men. • d. More women became mill workers because of the opportunity to earn better wages than most available jobs.

31. French writer Alexis de Tocqueville said that the contributions made by the Industrial Revolution made American life more. Convenient.

32. In the mid-1800s, most of America’s industry was located in the…? Northeast.

33. 33. During the War of 1812, which American patriot said “to be independent for the comforts of life we must fabricate [make] them ourselves”? • a.Eli Whitney • b.Albert Gallatin • c.Thomas Jefferson • d.Samuel Slater

34. What communication system, featuring different combinations of dots and dashes to represent letters, was developed by Alfred Lewis Vail? Morse code

35. The mechanical reaper, a machine that quickly cuts down wheat, was invented by Cyrus McCormick.

36. 39. Why were more American textile mills built in the North than in the South? • a. The South charged higher taxes on industry. • b. The North had more rivers to provide power. • c. The North attracted skilled English immigrants. • d. The South was not interested in expanding agriculture.

37. John Deere came up with the idea for a/an Steel plow

38. 35. What was one argument given by Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin about why there were so few factories in the United States? • a. Urban areas were too messy to attract American workers from rural areas. • b. There was a high availability of farmland in the United States. • c. American factory workers were willing to work for low pay. • d. The United States could not support industries such as iron production.

39. What main benefit did the Transportation Revolution bring to trade? It enabled goods to travel quickly across the United States.

40. 42. How did the water frame revolutionize the production of cloth? • a. It increased the number of threads the home spinner could work with. • b. It increased the pace of production in textile mills but made cloth more costly. • c. It shifted the location of production from homes to textile mills. • d. It raised the level of quality of home-spun cloth.

41. 1. In the mid-1800s, companies began to mass-produce earlier inventions. What effect did this have on families? a. They could buy items they could not afford in the past. b. They could store fresh food safely for longer periods. c. Their everyday lives became more complicated. d. Families began creating their own inventions.

42. 2. By 1860, Isaac Singer’s company was the world’s largest maker of a. clocks. b. iceboxes. c. safety pins. d. sewing machines.

43. 3. French writer Alexis de Tocqueville said that the contributions made by the Industrial Revolution made American life more a. unhappy. b. convenient. c. routine. d. complicated.

44. 4. How did the inventions of the plow and the reaper help the farming industry? a. They allowed customers to buy on credit. b. They caused cities to become the center of industrial growth. c. They allowed farmers to plant and harvest huge crop fields. d. They made farmers rich by selling them to businesses.

45. 5. The mechanical reaper, a machine that quickly cuts down wheat, was invented by a.Cyrus McCormick. b.John Deere. c.Eli Whitney. d.Samuel Morse.

46. 6. John Deere came up with the idea for a/an a. iron plow. b. steel plow. c. wood plow. d. steam-powered plow.

47. 7. Why did companies build their factories closer to cities and transportation centers in the mid-1800s? a. It allowed businesses to increase wages. b. It made shipping more expensive. c. It caused people to move from cities to rural areas. d. It provided easier access to workers.

48. 8. In the mid-1800s, most of America’s industry was located in the a. Northeast. b. South c. West. d. Midwest.

49. 9. How did technological developments during the Industrial Revolution enable people to build factories almost anywhere? a. Trains could bring raw materials to and ship finished goods from virtually any area worth living in. b. The shift to steam power meant factories no longer had to be built near streams, rivers, or waterfalls. c. Trains and steamboats spread the population out so that any factory had a ready supply of workers. d. The invention of the telegraph put factory managers and their city-based investors within easy reach.

50. 10. What communication system, featuring different combinations of dots and dashes to represent letters, was developed by Alfred Lewis Vail? a. the Vail System b. telegraph method c. Morse code d. dot language