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Nuclear Reactions

Explore the fascinating world of nuclear reactions, including fusion and fission processes that release immense energy. Learn about subatomic particles such as protons, neutrons, and electrons, and how these components define atomic structure through mass numbers and isotopes. With insights into mass equivalence and binding energy calculations, you'll understand the fundamental principles that govern nuclear medicine and energy production. Discover the significance of stable and unstable isotopes, and how nuclear decay informs half-life concepts.

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Nuclear Reactions

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  1. Nuclear Reactions Fusion and Fission

  2. Nuclear • NU – CLE – AR yes • NU – CU – LAR no

  3. Review of Subatomic Particles • Proton • p, positive charge • Nucleon • Atomic number, Z • Neutron • n, no charge • Nucleon • Neutron number, N • Electron • e- • Found in electron cloud, outside nucleus • Same number as protons in a neutral atom

  4. Mass Number and Isotopes • Elements are defined by their atomic number, Z • The mass number, A, is the total number of nucleons A = Z + N • Elements can have different numbers of neutrons, therefore different mass numbers. These different species are called isotopes. • Some isotopes are more stable than others.

  5. http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Basic_Physics_of_Nuclear_Medicine/Print_version 4/12/09

  6. Fusion vs. Fission • Fusion • The combination of small nuclei into larger nuclei • Fission • The splitting of large nuclei into smaller nuclei • Both release large amounts of energy http://www.atomicarchive.com/Fusion/Fusion1.shtml 4/12/09 http://www.atomicarchive.com/Fusion/Fusion1.shtml

  7. Mass Equivalence • Where does the energy released from fusion and fission come from? • Missing mass becomes energy • Not a violation of conservation of mass • E=mc2 http://web.mit.edu/jinseok/www/notes/notes_20031217/notes_20031217.shtml 4/12/09

  8. Supernovas http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/undergrad/classes/spring2009/Pierazzo_214-1/Lectures/L7-Sun.pdf 4/12/09

  9. Calculating Binding Energy • Ebinding = Eunbound – Ebound mc2 = munboundc2 – mboundc2 • m is the mass defect • 931.50 MeV/u • Hydrogen Fusion to Deuterium p + n  2H + Energy 1.007 825 u + 1.008 665 u  2.014 102 u + E 0.002388 u is missing! (0.002388u)c2 = 2.224 MeV

  10. Calculating Binding Energy • Ebinding = Eunbound – Ebound mc2 = munboundc2 – mboundc2 • m is the mass defect • 931.50 MeV/u • Uranium decays to Thorium + Alpha particle 238U  234Th + 4He 238.050 783 u  234.043 601 u + 4.001 506 u + E 0.005676 u is missing! (0.005676 u)c2 = 5.29 MeV

  11. MeV= Mega electron volt = ?? • MeV is another unit of energy • 1.60219 x 10-19 J = 1 eV ∴ 1.60219 x 10-13 J = 1 MeV • Energy released from nuclear reactions is roughly one million time greater than that released from chemical reactions. • CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O + energy 1 mole CH4 550 kJ (about one banana) Producing 1 mole of Helium in the Sun 6.6 x 108 kJ (1,200,000 bananas)

  12. Nuclear Decay – Half Life

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