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Ch. 7 The French Revolution and Napoleon

Ch. 7 The French Revolution and Napoleon. Mr. Curtis World History. Beginnings of the French Revolution. In the 1700s France was considered to be the most advanced country of Europe.

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Ch. 7 The French Revolution and Napoleon

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  1. Ch. 7 The French Revolution and Napoleon Mr. Curtis World History

  2. Beginnings of the French Revolution • In the 1700s France was considered to be the most advanced country of Europe. • In 1770, France was still under the Old Regime- social and political system in which the people of France were divided into 3 large social classes, or estates. • First Estate- made up of the Roman Catholic church (clergy). They could hold high office and were exempt from paying taxes. Owned 10% of land in France

  3. Beginnings of the French Revolution • Second Estate- made up of rich Nobles (only 2% of population). They owned nearly 20% of land and paid almost no taxes. The clergy and the nobility rejected the new ides of the Enlightenment. (Why?) • Third Estate- included about 97% of the population in France. 3 groups of people made up this estate. • Bourgeoisie- (middle class) were bankers, factory owners, merchants, and skilled artisans. They believed strongly in Enlightenment ideas. (high taxes) • Workers- the poorest group in the 3rd estate. Included tradespeople, apprentices, laborers and domestic servants. Paid low wages and were usually out of work. • Peasants- the largest group of the 3rd estate (80% of population). Low income but taxed heavily by nobles and the church.

  4. The Forces of Change • Besides the unrest of the lower classes, there were other factors that led to revolution in France. • Enlightenment Ideas- new ways of thinking about power and authority of government. The American Revolution inspired many revolutionaries in France. They demanded equality, liberty and democracy. • Economic Problems- 1780’s the economy was in decline. High taxes made it difficult to run a profitable business, cost of living was rising, bad weather caused huge crop losses which raised the price of grain. Heavy spending and debt from the king and queen. • Weak Leadership- Louis XVI did little to reform the problems of France. He inherited a lot of debt and did nothing about it. His wife (Marie Antoinette) only made things worse, she interfered in politics and spent tons on money.

  5. Forces of Change • When Louis XVI ran out of money, he decided to impose a tax on the nobility. However, the second estate forced him to call a meeting of the Estates General- a meeting of representatives from all 3 estates. (first in 175 years) They would accept or reject the new tax. This meeting took place May 5, 1789 at Versailles. • The third estates delegates were mostly from the bourgeoisie. They were eager to make changes in the government. After gaining some support from the clergy and nobles, the third estate declared themselves the National Assembly- allowed the delegates of the third estate to enact laws and reforms on behalf of the French people.

  6. Tennis Court Oath • 3 days after the National Assembly was established, the third estate as locked out of the meeting room. They broke down the door to an indoor tennis court and refused to leave until a new constitution was written. This was known as the Tennis Court Oath. In response, Louis stationed his mercenary army around Versailles. • Rumors flooded France and citizens began to prepare for a war. On July 14, 1789, a mob searching for gunpowder and guns stormed the Bastille, a French prison. They killed the guards and marched around the town with their heads on pikes. This became a great symbolic act of revolution. The French still celebrate this day known as Bastille Day. (similar to what American holiday?)

  7. The Great Fear • Rebellion spread very quickly in France. • Rumors spread that the nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize peasants and that the King would stop at nothing to end the Revolution. This wave of panic was known as the Great Fear.

  8. The Assembly Reforms France • The National Assembly made many changes once they came to power. Most of these changes focused on equality of the 3 estates. • Declaration of the Rights of Man- document that declared all men equal and recognized rights such as liberty, property, security, freedom of speech, religion and equal justice. (not applicable to women) • Early reforms of the National Assembly focused on the church. The assembly took over church land and forced the church officials to be elected and paid like state officials. (Many Catholics were offended by the state taking over the church.)

  9. Divisions Develop • Limited Monarchy- In 1791, the National Assembly completed a new Constitution. It created a limited constitutional monarch which stripped the king of much of his authority. (still had executive power to enforce law) • The Constitution also created a new legislative body called the Legislative Assembly- lawmakers who could create laws and approve or reject declarations of war.

  10. Divisions Develop • The Legislative Assembly was split into 3 different groups: • Radicals- opposed the idea of monarchy and wanted major changes in government. • Moderates- wanted some changes in government but not too many. • Conservatives- upheld the idea of a limited monarchy and wanted few changes in government. • Outside groups pushed to influence the direction of the government as well. • Émigrés- Nobles and the upper-class who wished to restore the Old Regime of France. • Sans-culottes- “those without knee breeches” Parisian workers and small shop keepers supported the Revolution because they wanted change.

  11. War and Execution • Many European countries feared the revolution in France. Prussia and Austria urged France to restore Louis as the absolute monarch. The Legislative Assembly responded by declaring war in 1792. (pg.224) • After a bloody war and the September Massacres, the Legislative Assembly set aside the Constitution of 1791. The king lost all power and the assembly was dissolved. • The new governing body was called the National Convention- 1792, abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic. All adult males could run for office.

  12. Jacobins • Most of the changes in government in 1792 were part of a radical political group called The Jacobin Club. • Jacobins- French radicals who believed in the abolishment of the monarchy. The Jacobins had a strong influence in the National Convention. • In 1793, a Jacobin leader, Maximillian Robespierre sought out to rid France of its past. As the leader of the Committee of Public Safety he essentially ruled France as a dictator. His goal was to protect France from enemies of the Revolution. • His rule was known as the Reign of Terror- people were executed for resisting the revolution or not being as “radical“ as Robespierre. (around 40,000 were executed)

  13. In your notes, summarize the last paragraph on page 227. (End of Terror)

  14. Napoleon Bonaparte • Napoleon Bonaparte was born in 1769 on the Mediterranean island of Corsica. At age 9 he was enrolled in military school. When the revolution broke out he joined the army of the new government. • In 1795, Napoleon became a hero by defending the National Convention from a group of rebels. He was said to have “saved the French republic”. Napoleon was promoted to general. After many successful military campaigns, Napoleon was known throughout France.

  15. Napoleon Takes Control • In 1799, the Directory had lost control of the political situation and the French people. Leaders urged Napoleon to take control of the government. Napoleon and his army surrounded the National Legislature and drove out its members. Anyone who stayed voted to dissolve the Directory. • To replace the Directory, they established 3 consuls, one of whom was Napoleon. Napoleon accepted the position and named himself “first” consul to ensure his dictator status. • Coup d'état- a sudden seizure of power “blow to the state” (usually from military)

  16. Napoleon Rules France • Napoleon pretended to be a constitutional chosen leader of France. A Plebiscite- (a vote by the people) accepted the new Constitution of France that gave all real power to the first consul—Napoleon. • Napoleon allowed many of the changes during the Revolution to stay. • His first goal was to fix the economy. (efficient system for collecting taxes) • Established a national banking system. • He took steps to end corruption and inefficiency in government. (fired corrupt officials) • He set up lycees- government run public schools. • One thing he neglected was religion. He did however sign a concordat- or (agreement) that recognized the influence of the church but not the power.

  17. Napoleonic Code • Napoleon believed his greatest work to be the system of laws that he created for France. It would be known as the Napoleonic Code. • Napoleonic Code- system of laws in France that eliminated injustices but in many ways restricted liberty of the people. It placed authority and order over individual rights. • In 1804, Napoleon decided to make himself emperor, and the French voters supported him. In a ceremony, he took the crown from the Pope and placed it on his head. (What did this symbolize?)

  18. Napoleon Creates an Empire • Napoleon wanted to expand his empire in Europe and the Americas. • After a civil war in Saint Dominque (Haiti) that the French could not shut down Napoleon decided to get rid of all French land in the Americas. He sold a majority of the land to President Jefferson of the United States for $15 million. This would be known as the Louisiana Purchase. • He saw the “pros” of this deal as making money for his plans in France and also punishing the hated British by strengthening the United States.

  19. Conquering Europe • After abandoning the Americas, Napoleon focused on conquering Europe. As a result of annexing the Austrian Netherlands and parts of Italy, Britain, Russia, Austria and Sweden teamed up to destroy Napoleon. • In a series of many battles, Napoleon conquered his enemies (why?)and forced them to sign peace treaties except for……. • The Battle of Trafalgar-1805, off the coast of Spain, naval battle between Britain and France. France lost. 1. ensured the supremacy of the British navy 2. forced Napoleon to give up plans for invading Britain.

  20. Napoleon’s Empire Collapses • The French empire was huge but unstable. Napoleon was only able to maintain it for 5 years, from 1807-1812. As emperor of France, Napoleon made 3 huge mistakes that would lead to fall of the French empire. • Continental System- 1806, Napoleon set up a blockade of all European ports to cut off Great Britain from all trade to “continental” Europe. This was an attempt destroy Britain’s commercial trade and industry. Britain found ways around the blockades by smuggling and other European countries not enforcing Napoleon’s law. (Britain also set up their own blockade)

  21. The Peninsular War 2. The Peninsular War- 1808, in an effort to force Portugal to accept the Continental system, Napoleon sent French troops through Spain to Portugal. The Spanish protested this action (why?) and fought back against the French. a. Napoleon replaced the Spanish king with his own brother. b. The Spanish were Catholic and worried Napoleon would attack the church. c. For six years, Spanish peasant fighters known as guerrillas fought against French troops in Spain. They fought in small groups and ambushed French soldiers. (Britain would help) d. Napoleon lost about 300,000 men and many other countries began to resist French control as a result.

  22. The Invasion of Russia • Napoleon’s most disastrous mistake of all came in 1812. Because Alexander I (Czar of Russia) refused to stop selling grain to Britain and because Napoleon suspected Alexander of wanting to invade Poland, Napoleon invaded Russia. 3. Invasion of Russia- 420,000 French soldiers marched into Russia. Russia pulled back and used what was known as the scorched-earth policy- after retreat, Russia would burn grain fields and kill all livestock in an effort to weaken the enemy. After many indecisive battles the Russians continued to fall back and retreat. Napoleon moved in on Moscow to find the Holy city burned to the ground. Napoleon waits for a surrender in Moscow and in October decides to go back to France. 10,000 troops make it back to France (pg. 236 map)

  23. Napoleon’s Downfall • Britain, Russia, Prussia, Sweden and Austria joined forces to defeat to French empire while they were weak. Napoleon’s new but untrained army was easily defeated. By 1814, the allied armies were close to taking Paris. • Napoleon was forced to surrender in April and was exiled to the island of Elba….. • Waterloo- 1815, in Belgium. major battle between French and British forces. The British and Prussian forces would win. Napoleon’s last bid for power was known as the Hundred Days.

  24. Life After Napoleon • European countries met together after the defeat of Napoleon to discuss the future of Europe. • Congress of Vienna-1814-1815, meeting of European leaders in Vienna, to discuss a plan to bring security and stability to Europe. Included Russia, Prussia, Austria, Great Britain and France. • Klemens von Metternich of Austria was one of the most influential representatives of the meeting. He established 3 goals to ensure peace for Europe:

  25. 3 Goals for Peace in Europe • Containment of France- The Congress made countries surrounding France stronger by combining the Austrian Netherlands and Dutch Republic. Combining 39 German states into the German Confederation. Switzerland was recognized as a nation. Added Genoa to Italy. The goal was to make sure France would not be a threat to Europe again. • Balance of Power- equal power among European countries. The Congress wanted to weaken France but not leave them powerless. (why?) France remained a major but diminished country.

  26. Final Goal for Peace 3. Legitimacy- the leaders of Europe agreed that the monarchs who were kicked off of their thrones by Napoleon would regain their power. They believed that the return of these monarchs would stabilize political relations between European countries. The Congress of Vienna was successful because it was fair and left no country holding a grudge which could lead to future aggression. The 5 “power” countries also agreed to come to each others aid if there was a threat to peace.

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