1 / 25

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Osmoregulation and Excretion. Ainsley Lockhart and Emily Allyn. Osmoregulation: The Basics. Osmoconformers – Isoosmotic with surroundings Osmoregulators- Control internal environment independently from environment

malvina
Télécharger la présentation

Osmoregulation and Excretion

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Osmoregulation and Excretion Ainsley Lockhart and Emily Allyn

  2. Osmoregulation: The Basics • Osmoconformers –Isoosmotic with surroundings • Osmoregulators- Control internal environment independently from environment • Stenohaline –Animals that cannot tolerate large changes in external osmolarity • Euryhaline –Animals that can survive large fluctuation in external osmolarity.

  3. Osmotic Challenges: A Survey

  4. Osmoregulation: Energy Cost and Other Mechanisms • Energy is required for active transport and diffusion of solutes and water • Transport epithelia is responsible for filtration and reabsorption

  5. Nitrogenous Waste • Ammonia • Urea • Uric acid • Evolution of each mode

  6. Excretion: The Basics • How excretory systems maintain homeostasis. • Bodily Fluids -> Filtrate -> Urine

  7. Evolution of Excretory Systems: Protonephridia • Organisms • Flatworms(acoelomates) • Rotifers • Some annelids • Mollusc larvae • Lancelets • Functions • Metabolic waste excretion • Osmoregulation • Disposal of nitrogenous waste • Mechanisms • Tubule network • Flame bulbs

  8. Evolution of Excretory Systems: Metanephridia • Organisms • Most annelids • Functions • Metabolic waste excretion • Osmoregulation • Mechanisms • Ciliated funnel • Collecting tubule • Transport epithelium

  9. Evolution of Excretory Systems: Malpighian Tubules • Organisms • Insects and other terrestrial arthropods • Functions • Nitrogenous waste disposal • Osmoregulation • Mechanism • transport epithelium

  10. Evolution of Excrtory Systems: Kidneys • Organisms • Vertebrates and some other chordates • Functions • Osmoregulation • Metabolic waste excretion • Mechanism: • Highly organized tubules • Ducts

  11. Structure Of The Mammalian Excretory System • Kidneys: renal cortex, renal medulla, nephron • Renal veins and arteries supply blood • Urine: Kidneys -> Ureter -> Bladder -> Urethra

  12. Adaptations and Evolution of the Mammalian Kidney • Gram-negative bacteria • Hagfish and segmented kidneys

  13. Pathway of Filtrate

  14. From Blood Filtrate to Urine • proximal tubule         • descending and ascending limb of loop of Henle         • distal tube         • collecting duct

  15. Solute Gradients

  16. Kidney Adaptations: Mammals • The juxtamedullary nephronfunctions for water conservation • Long loops of Henle

  17. Kidney Adaptations: Birds and other Reptiles • Birds • Juxtamedullary nephrons • Shorter loops of Henle • Uric acid • Reptiles • Cortical nephrons • Transport epithelium in cloacas • Uric acid.

  18. Kidney Adaptations: Freshwater Fish and Amphibians • Freshwater Fish • Many nephrons • Transport epithelium for salt retention • Amphibians • Water vs. land adaptations

  19. Kidney Adapations: Marine Bony Fish • Small nephrons with no distal tube • Small or no glomeruli • Divalent ions flushed out with kidneys, proximal tubules of nephrons • Monovalent ions flushed out with gills

  20. Contribution of Hormones to the Mammalian Excretory System • antidiuretic hormones (ADH) • hypothalamus and pituitary( osmoregulator cells in hypothalamus detects rising osmolarity of blood and produces the hormone. Hormone is stored in the pituitary gland) • distal tubes and collection ducts (aquaphorons) (the ADH binds to aquaphorons in kidney to change the water pemeability of transport epithelial)

  21. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) • juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA), afferent arteriol ( the afferent arteriol moitors blood volume/ artetiol tension and instructs the JGA which is close by to make angiotensin II) • adrenal gland (makes aldosterone) • aldosterone, angiotensin II

  22. Homeostatic Regulation of the Kidney • The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) • Antidiuretic hormones (ADH) • Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

  23. Disorders of the Kidney • Diabetes insipidus • Affects of alcohol • Gout

  24. References • "Gout: What You Should Know." American Family Physician 76.6 (2007): 811-12. Science Full Text Select. H. W. Wilson. Wilson Web Science. 6 Apr. 2009 <http://vnweb.hwwilsonweb.com/. • Miller, Karen J., Eugene P. Kennedy, and Vernon N. Reinhold. "Osmotic adaptation by gram-negative bacteria: possible role for periplasmic oligosaccharides." Science 231 (Jan 3, 1986): 48(4). Student Resource Center - Bronze. Gale. PIEDMONT HIGH SCHOOL. 6 Apr. 2009 <http://find.galegroup.com/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS • Campbell, Neil A. “Biology.” Pearson, San Francisco. 2008. .

  25. “Borrowed Photo” Credits • http://www.faqs.org/health/Body-by-Design-V2/The-Urinary-System.html • http://bio1152.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch44/ • http://www.agen.ufl.edu/%7Echyn/age2062/OnLineBiology/OLBB/www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossM.html • http://health.allrefer.com/pictures-images/kidney-anatomy.html • http://www.nature.com/ki/journal/v63/n4/images/4493564f4.gif • http://home.bway.net/rjnoonan/humans_in_space/nephron.gif • Campbell, Neil A. “Biology.” Pearson, San Francisco. 2008.

More Related