Hypothalamus regulates the internal environment. Body temp, heart rate, water balance.

1. Hypothalamus regulates the internal environment. • Body temp, heart rate, water balance. • Serves as link between nervous and endocrine systems. • Stimulates Pituitary gland: • Master Gland

2. Fig. 10.2

3. ADH: Anti-diuretic hormone • Acts in kidneys. • Causes water retention to dilute blood. • Negative feedback • Oxytocin: • Uterine contraction and milk production. • Positive feedback

4. TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone • Stimulates thyroid to produce it’s hormones. • ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone • Stimulates adrenal cortex • Gonadotropic hormones: • Stimulate gonads • Make gametes and sex hormones

5. Prolactin • Milk production as well as fat and carbohydrate metabolism. • Growth hormone: • Stimulates protein production in tissues. • Leads to growth. • Amount affects height of individual. • Abnormalities can lead to disease.

6. Thyroid • T3 and T4 hormones-both contain iodine. • Deficiency in Iodine = Goiter.

7. Thyroid hormones increase metabolic rate. • Diseases: • Cretinism • Myxedema • Graves disease • Calcitonin is involved in regulation of blood calcium levels. • Stimulates Ca uptake and storage in bones.

8. Parathyroid: • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) • Increases blood Ca levels and decreases the level of blood phosphate. • Pg 192 regulation of Ca levels.

9. Fig. 10.7

10. Adrenal Glands: • Sit on top of kidneys. • React to stress. • Two Parts: • Cortex (outside part): Under ACTH control. • Medulla (inside part): Under direct nervous control.

11. Adrenal Medulla: • Make Epinephrine and norepinephrine. • Short term response to stress. • Fight or flight. • Increase heart rate • Blood sugar increases • Muscle strength and endurance increases.

12. Adrenal Cortex: • Make mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. • Also makes a small amount of male and female sex hormones. • Long term response to stress.

13. Adrenal Cortex: • Glucocorticoids • Regulate metabolism of fats, protein and carbohydrates. • Cortisol: raises blood sugar levels. • Stimulates breakdown of proteins to make sugar. • Promotes breakdown of fats rather than sugars. • Counteracts the inflammatory response.

14. Adrenal Cortex: • Mineralocorticoids: • Regulate salt and water balance. • Aldosterone • Targets kidney cells. • Uptake of Na, and excretion of K.

15. Fig. 10.8

16. Fig. 10.9

17. Addisons Disease: • Hyposecretion (low) • Low blood pressure. • Dehydration. • Bronzing • Cushing Syndrome: • Hypersecretion • High Blood pressure. • Metabolism disorders.

18. Pancreas • Pancreatic islet cells • Insulin and glucagon • Antagonistic hormones = Balance • Insulin: stimulates uptake of glucose. • Glucagon: stimulates glucose release.

19. Fig. 10.12

20. Diabetes Mellitus • Two types. • Insulin dependent (IDDM) • Non-insulin dependent (NIDDM)

21. Other Endocrine Glands and Hormones: • Gonads (Testes and Ovaries) • Testosterone (androgen) • Hair growth, voice changes, muscle buildup, etc. • Estrogen and progesterone. • Hair growth, fat buildup, body development, and mensus cycles.

22. Other Endocrine Glands and Hormones: • Thymus: hormones involved in immune system function. • Pineal Gland: Melatonin and sleep cycles. • Leptin: Made by adipose tissue and regulates eating. • Growth factors: • Prostaglandins:

23. Chemical signals and hormones work at different distances. • Autocrine: act on the same cell. • Paracrine: act on nearby cells. • Endocrine: travel some distance to target cells. • Pheromones: Chemical signals between individuals. Can regulate behavior and cycles. • Perfumes and colognes.

24. Endocrine System and Homeostatsis: • Regulation of digestion. • Regulate fuel metabolism. • Regulate blood pressure and volume. • Regulate ion balance in blood. • Regulate response to external enviroment.

25. Fig. 10.14

26. Fig. 10.15