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Exploring Ionization and Excitation: Spectra of Hydrogen and Fluorescent Tubes

This document examines the principles of ionization and excitation in hydrogen atoms and other elements, shedding light on their spectral transitions. It discusses how incoming radiation can cause electrons to absorb energy, leading to ionization when photons of at least 13.6 eV energy are encountered. The text also covers the processes in fluorescent tubes, where high voltage causes excitable effects in mercury and argon, allowing current to flow through ionization. Understanding these interactions is crucial for spectroscopy, which analyzes emitted or absorbed radiation and identifies elemental signatures.

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Exploring Ionization and Excitation: Spectra of Hydrogen and Fluorescent Tubes

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  1. Sunbeds and stars... Ionization, excitation and line spectra

  2. Electron absorbs energy and… Incident radiation Hydrogen Atom p e

  3. Ionisation! e Is able to completely escape from the atom p

  4. Energy = 0 Energy = -13.6eV Ionisation! • Photons with a minimum energy of 13.6eV are needed to ionise a hydrogen atom from it’s ground state. p e

  5. Electron absorbs radiation and… Lower frequency radiation Hydrogen Atom p e

  6. Excitation! e p Is only able to move to a higher energy state within the atom

  7. -13.6eV -3.6eV e 10eV The electron in its excited state is unstable and so it drops back, releasing the energy as a photon. p One photon with a specific amount of energy is released in an electron transition

  8. - + High Voltage e e Argon e e Mercury Ionisation and excitation in a fluorescent tube • High voltage - electrons bombard mercury atoms • Excitation occurs - unstable electrons fall back • Ionisationallows the current to flow

  9. High voltage - + e e Argon e e Phosphorous coating e e Fluorescence

  10. Spectral transitions in hydrogen Ionisation 0eV Electron transitions Ground state -13.6eV

  11. Spectroscopy Looking at the signatures of elements Intensity Wavelength of radiation emitted or absorbed

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