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Energy Machines and Motion

This educational module covers the essential themes of energy, machines, and motion through engaging lessons. Students will investigate various forms of energy and how forces interact with them to facilitate work. Through hands-on activities, like building batteries, testing rechargeable power sources, and exploring friction, learners will understand energy transformations and the mechanics behind machines such as pulleys and levers. Assessments will include performance tasks and written tests to evaluate comprehension related to energy, work, and efficiency in machines, ultimately enhancing their understanding of physics concepts.

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Energy Machines and Motion

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  1. Energy Machines and Motion Underlying Themes of the Module Different forms of energy; how forces do work to change energy from one form to another; how machines reduce the force needed to do work; and how forces change the motion of objects

  2. Part 1 Energy

  3. Lesson 1Circuit of Inquiries—A Preassessment Students complete a circuit of eight inquiries that introduce many of the concepts that they study during the module.

  4. Lesson 2Making a Battery Concepts:Battery structure and function; supply of energy by a chemical reaction; limited “battery life” Students: • Build a copper-zinc electrode battery • Observe and describe how the battery works

  5. Lesson 3Rechargeable Batteries Concepts: Batteries can store energy; energy transformation; different devices use energy at different rates Students: • Test and use a rechargeable battery to store energy • Use the battery to power devices and determine the energy changes involved.

  6. Lesson 4Storing and Using Energy in a Battery Concept: Recharging time Students: • Investigate and graph the relationship between battery charging time and energy storage

  7. Lesson 5Introduction to Forces Concepts: Forces as pushing or pulling; units of force (newtons); the difference and relationship between mass and weight Students: • Share ideas about forces • Use a spring scale to measure elastic forces (when stretching a rubber band) • Devise an inquiry to investigate the relationship between the weight and mass of an object.

  8. Lesson 6The Force of Friction Concepts:Friction force; the relationship between friction and surface type Students: • Observe and measure sliding friction by dragging a wooden block over a variety of surfaces • Measure the force of friction on loads with different weights and surface areas (in contact with a surface)

  9. Lesson 7The Force Exerted by a Motor Concepts:Battery arrangement and electric motor performance; forces exerted by electric motors Students • Design and conduct an experiment to determine the operating conditions that facilitate maximum force from a motor.

  10. Lesson 8Work and the Motor Concepts: Work as force x distance; units of work--joules and newton-meters Students • Use force and distance measurements to calculate work done by a motor

  11. Lesson 9Power of a Motor Concepts: Power as work/time; units of power—watts; power as a measure of the rate at which energy transformations take place. Students • Determine the power of a motor powered by different numbers of batteries

  12. Lesson 10Assessing What You Know Assessment for Part 1 of module consists of • Performance assessment in which students analyze the energy transformations that occur when a mass attached to a motor by string falls. • Written test composed of multiple choice and short answer questions. Need Grabber photo for this lesson

  13. Part 2Machines

  14. Lesson 11The Inclined Plane Concepts: Measuring work when lifting; using machines to reduce effort; effect of friction on work Students: • Measure forces on a cart on an inclined plane • Measure work on a cart on an inclined plane • Compare the work done by lifting and raising the same load on an inclined plane

  15. Lesson 12The Pulley Concept: A pulley as a machine Students: • Explore the use of pulleys • Calculate the work done by different pulley arrangements

  16. Lesson 13The Lever Students: • Construct a general rule for balancing levers • Measure the force (and calculate the work) needed to lift objects using levers Concepts: The lever as a machine; torque and balanced levers

  17. Lesson 14 The Mechanical Advantage of Machines Concepts: Mechanical advantage (load force: effort force); effect of friction on mechanical advantage Students: • Calculate and compare the mechanical advantage (MA) of different machines and compare the calculated MA with the actual MA.

  18. Lesson 15The Efficiency of Machines Students: • Calculate the efficiency of inclined plane and pulley systems Concepts: Efficiency (work output: work input)

  19. Lesson 16Machines Assessment—A Technological Design Challenge • Embedded performance based assessment in which students are challenged to use a combination of a motor and a machine to lift a load. They are then expected to evaluate their design.

  20. Part 3Motion

  21. Lesson 17Introducing the Anchor Activity Concepts:Brainstorming; technological solutions to everyday needs; research & development utilizing multiple resources; communication of ideas Students: • Research a machine and create a presentation describing its construction and how it works. • Include information on its use of energy, the forces involved, and motion that occurs when the device operates.

  22. Lesson 18Motion of a Fan Car Concepts: Speed; unbalanced forces; and acceleration Students: • Use a battery powered fan car to investigate the effect of a constant force on an object

  23. Lesson 19Motion of a Mousetrap Car Concepts:Speed; unbalanced forces; acceleration; conservation of energy in a closed system Students • Observe and measure changes in the speed of a mousetrap-powered car • Compare the behavior of a mousetrap car with that of a • fan-powered car

  24. Lessons 20-21The Roller Coaster and Motion on a Roller Coaster Concepts: Kinetic energy, potential energy (reviews a wide range of earlier concepts) Students: • Build a model roller coaster • Predict, observe, and describe the motion of a model roller coaster car • Measure the speed of a model roller coaster car

  25. Lesson 22The Anchor Activity • Final assessment for the module. Students present the research they began in Lesson 17.

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