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Mullaperiyar Dam Brief View by 1. Suresh Fernando 2. Remjuse Fernado 3. Senthil Kumar 4. venkatesan

Mullaperiyar Dam Brief View by 1. Suresh Fernando 2. Remjuse Fernado 3. Senthil Kumar 4. venkatesan. Stop fearing Start thinking. Man made the wonder! ! ! Who is that man?. Panama Canal. American . Mullaperiyar dam.

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Mullaperiyar Dam Brief View by 1. Suresh Fernando 2. Remjuse Fernado 3. Senthil Kumar 4. venkatesan

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  1. Mullaperiyar Dam Brief View by 1. Suresh Fernando 2. RemjuseFernado 3. Senthil Kumar 4. venkatesan

  2. Stop fearing Start thinking • Man made the wonder! ! ! • Who is that man?

  3. Panama Canal

  4. American

  5. Mullaperiyar dam

  6. Kallanai Built By Karikalan, A Chola King.2nd Century A.D. (This image also shows 19th century additions to the ancient dam)

  7. TajMahal

  8. Kings and common man involved in the above works. Do you think all the above four did the any welfare for the society??? Which is that Odd one?

  9. Objectives of this Presentation • Not a research paper. Only brief view. • Purpose of construction, History of construction - Capt. Suresh • Lease agreements and Issues related to the dam.- S.R. Fernando • Claims by Tamil Nadu – Senthil Kumar • Claims by Kerala – Senthil Kumar • View’s of Experts – Senthil Kumar • Comments about various failures and suggestions.- Venkatesan • Feed back and views of participants.

  10. Purpose of Mullaperiyar Dam • The Periyar river which flows westward into the Arabian Sea was diverted eastward to flow towards the Bay of Bengal. • To provide water to the rain shadow region of Madurai in Madras Presidency which was in dire need of a greater supply than the small Vaigai River could give.

  11. Mullaperiyar dam • Irrigation of 68,558 ha (169,411 acres)

  12. History of construction • It is located 881 m (2,890 ft) above mean sea level on the Cardamom Hills of the Western Ghats in Thekkady, Idukki District of Kerala.

  13. Purpose of Dam • Later, the Periyar Power Station in the lower Periyar, Tamil Nadu was built which generates hydro-electricity(175MW) from the diverted waters.

  14. Purpose of Dam

  15. History of construction • The unique idea first explored in 1789 by PradaniMuthirulappaPillai, a minister of the Ramnad king MuthuramalingaSethupathy, who gave it up as he found it to be expensive. • The first attempt at damming the Periyar with an earthen dam in 1850 was given up due to demands for higher wages by the labour citing unhealthy living conditions. • In 1882, the construction of the dam was approved and Major John Pennycuick, M.E., placed in charge to prepare a revised project and estimate which was approved in 1884 by his superiors.

  16. History of construction • It was constructed between 1887 and 1895 by the British Government to divert water eastwards to Madras Presidency area (the present-day Tamil Nadu). • The temporary embankments and coffer-dams used to restrain the river waters were regularly swept away by floods and rains. Due to the coffer dam failures, the British stopped funding the project. Officer Pennycuick raised funds by selling his wife's jewelry to continue the work.

  17. Lease Agreement • On 29 October 1886, a lease indenture for 999 years was made between the Maharaja of Travancore, and the British Secretary of State for India for Periyar Irrigation Works. • The agreement gave 8000 acres of land for the reservoir and another 100 acres to construct the dam. The tax for each acre was  5 per year. The lease provided the British the rights over "all the waters" of the Mullaperiyar and its catchment basin, for an annual rent of  Rs. 40,000 • In 1947, after Indian Independence, the lease agreement expired.

  18. Lease Agreement • The agreement was renewed in 1970 when C AchuthaMenon was Kerala Chief Ministe. • Tax per acre was increased to  Rs 30, and for the electricity generated in Lower Camp using Mullaperiyar water, the charge was  Rs12 per kiloWatt per hour. • Tamil Nadu uses the water and the land, and the Tamil Nadu government has been paying to the Kerala government for the past 50 years  2.5 lakhs as tax per year for the whole land and  7.5 lakhs per year as surcharge for the total amount of electricity generated.

  19. Issues related to Dam • The validity of this agreement is under dispute between the States of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. • The matter is currently pending before a Division Bench of the Supreme Court. • After the 1979 Morvi Dam failure which killed up to 25,000 people  safety concerns of the aging Mullaperiyar dam's and alleged leaks and cracks in the structure were raised by Kerala Government.

  20. Issues related to Dam • A State agency, Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS), Thiruvananthapuram, had reported that the structure would not withstand an earthquake above magnitude 6 on the Richter scale. • The dam was also inspected by the Chairman, CWC (Central Water Commission). • On the orders of the CWC, the Tamil Nadu government lowered the storage level from 142.2 feet to 136 feet, conducted safety repairs and strengthened the dam.

  21. Issues related to Dam • The dam is situated in a seismically active zone. • An earthquake measuring 4.5 on the Richter scale occurred on June 7, 1988 with maximum damage in Nedumkandam and Kallar (within 20 km of the dam).

  22. Claims by Tamil Nadu • This Dam is a Gravity Dam. It uses their weight to resist the water pressure and other external forces. • The Roosevelt Dam in USA was built in 1911. In 1980 modification done and capacity increased. • The Joux Dam built in france in 1905 was heightened in 1952 by top concrete section and post tension anchors.

  23. Claims by Tamil Nadu • As per TN Government , the strengthening works carried out as below: • 3-4 feet thick RCC capping structure was provided on top of the dam for its entire length. • Cable anchoring was also done on the basis of pre-stressing technology.

  24. Claims by Tamil Nadu • Claiming that the dam is safe by this steps carried out. • On 27-2-2006, the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India by its judgment permitted TN to raise the water level to 142 feet TN government requesting to implement.

  25. Claims by Tamil Nadu RCC Capping Cable Anchor

  26. Claims by Kerala • Since 1970, Kerala has argued that the dam having outlived its life of 50 years is unsafe to maintain water at 152 feet —the full reservoir level—and it should be restricted to 136 feet. • The Kerala Government promulgated a new "Dam Safety Act" against increasing the storage level of the dam, which has not been objected by the Supreme Court.

  27. Claims by Kerala • In July 2009, the Kerala  government  has claimed  that with the  building  of a new dam, 1,300 feet downstream of the present Mullaperiyar reservoir,  the safety of  the people  of Kerala can be a assured  from the existing high-risk structure.

  28. Claims by Kerala • CESS, IIT Roorkee and IISc have reported that the dam cannot withstand earthquakes above 6 point on the Richter scale. • Since the dam was constructed using stone ruble masonry with lime mortar grouting following prevailing 19th century construction techniques that have now become archaic.

  29. Experts View • Is the Mullaperiyar dam intact? Everyone would like to hear the answer to this contentious question from a highly competent, but equally impartial person. “Yes, absolutely,” says former chairman of Central Water Commission (CWC) Dr K. C. Thomas. A hundred per cent Keralite, Thomas is leading a happy retired life in Thiruvananthapuram now and will celebrate his 90th birthday very soon. • .

  30. Experts View • He came into the scene in 1979, when for the first time the safety of the dam was hotly discussed in the state. Then the Kerala government had no doubt about who should assess the health of the oldest dam in the state. • Though reluctant initially as he was due to retire from the service in a year, Thomas finally shouldered the responsibility. He visited the dam in June in the same year. Having thoroughly examined the structure, he recommended some corrective steps. After the recommended works were carried out in 1981, he re-examined the dam and declared the structure was intact. He submitted the report to the government soon.

  31. Experts View • According to him, the rectification measures have made the dam so strong that even if the water level comes to 152 feet due to flood, the dam can manage it. He said Mullaperiyar was safe and cited as the model for old dams in the country.Thomas is of the view that the dam can be preserved in good shape with annual systematic joint inspection by Tamil Nadu and Kerala. He said no dam had ever been destroyed by a quake – dams have burst owing to human error and miscalculation.

  32. Few Photographs by media Sensational News Paster on wall eroded Oozing water from tunnel

  33. Few Dam Failure • The Morvi dam failure is the worst flood disaster to happen in independent India. • On August 11, 1979, the Machchu-2 dam, situated on the Machhu, river burst and that sent a wall of water through the town of Morvi in Gujarat killing around 15000 people. • It was caused by excessive rain and massive flooding. • Within 20 minutes the floods of 12 to 30 ft (3.7 to 9.1 m) height inundated the low-lying areas of Morvi industrial town located 5 km below the dam.

  34. Few Dam Failure • Morvi Dam failure.

  35. Few Dam Failure Chinese Landslide Dam Failure Flood in action.

  36. Few Dam Failure Taiwan Dam Failure, Earth Quake

  37. Few Dam Failure • The Teton Dam, 44 miles northeast of Idaho Falls in southeastern Idaho, failed abruptly on June 5, 1976. It released nearly 300,000 acre feet of water, then flooded farmland and towns downstream with the eventual loss of 14 lives, directly or indirectly, and with a cost estimated to be nearly $1 billion. The reservoir emptying through the failed Teton Dam

  38. Kallanai (Oldest Dam in the World) • Kallani is perhaps the oldest dam in the world, constructed by the Chola King Karikalan as early as in the 1st Century CE. • It has served the Tamil peasants for nearly 2000 years by assisting them a great deal for irrigation.

  39. Dam Failures vsAge of Dams

  40. Incident Rate that Dam Survive for first five years • Ref : HydroWorld.com

  41. Long-term performance among different types of dams • Ref : HydroWorld.com

  42. Presentation's Opinion • Should not be carried over by Media and politician. • Interconnection of all rivers. • Experts should do research and research outputs to be implemented to solve the issue. • Feasibility of new dam Construction keeping both state peoples interest. • National water resources policy to be made and central government should take care of all dams.

  43. Reference • www.hydroworld.com • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullaperiyar_Dam • http://www.jeywin.com/

  44. Comments/Review • The topic covered as per the objectives 1. Satisfactory 2. Good 3. Excellent • Comment about presentation's opinion • Suggested solution for this issue.

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