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Soil Survey Map Reading

Soil Survey Map Reading. Discussion and Activity Environmental Science. Soil As A 3- Phase System. Soil Particles Water Films and Trapped Gases in Pores Solids and Aggregates. Water is the Driving Force. Water Movement affects: A. Detachment B. Transport C. Deposition.

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Soil Survey Map Reading

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  1. Soil Survey Map Reading Discussion and Activity Environmental Science

  2. Soil As A 3- Phase System • Soil Particles • Water Films and Trapped Gases in Pores • Solids and Aggregates

  3. Water is the Driving Force • Water Movement affects: • A. Detachment • B. Transport • C. Deposition

  4. Types of Erosion Affecting Soil Quality Rill and Inter-rill Gully (most aggressive) Splash

  5. Gully Erosion

  6. Inter- rill Erosion

  7. Splash Erosion

  8. How Does Soil Form? Physical and Chemical Weathering Wind and Water Mixtures and Solvents

  9. What is Soil Composed Of? Rocks and Minerals Living Organisms = worms, bacteria, insects, fungi Decayed Organics= plants and animals Aggregates= rocks and pebbles Moisture Trapped Gases= air, methane, others

  10. Types of Soils LOAM is best For SOIL FERTILITY

  11. Soil Type Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium pH Garden (J) trace very high 8 Garden (R) trace high + very high 7.5 Cornfield low high very high 7 Soybean field trace high low 8

  12. How is Soil Loss Estimated? Use of Soil Loss Equation= USLE A= avg. annual soil loss tons/acre R= rainfall runoff erosivity index based on geographical location K= soil erodibility considers residue, bare vs. grass coverage, amt. of tillage, etc. LS= slope steepness and length factor considers amt of slope; increase slope means increase soil loss C= cover management P= conservation practice (s) implemented

  13. Soil Degradation Primarily caused by: Poor farming practices Overgrazing on ranched land Forestry practices that damage soil by clear cutting Desertification= over 10% loss of productivity due 1. erosion 6. salt build up 2. compaction 7.climate change 3. removal of trees 8.water sources depleted 4. overgrazing 9.misc. 5. drought conditions Usually arid lands most susceptible to the above.

  14. Soil Conservation Policies Post Dust Bowl Era taught us how to conserve soil and change soil conservation Practices. Local to national levels of development of management and organizations enabled new policies to form and be set in place.

  15. Policies that were Made 1935- Soil Conservation Act established Soil Conservation Service to Work directly with farmers to develop plans for their land.

  16. Policies/ Management 1994- SCS became the Natural Resources Conservation Service this allowed for better management of soil AND water conservation for protection of water ways and reduce effects of pollution and run off issues.

  17. Policies/Management CRP- Conservation Reserve Program began with the 1985 Farm Bill goal to stop farming crops and replace with grasses and tress to create biodiversity, water retention, less run off, and soil preservation In addition, farmers are paid for conservation efforts USDA estimate (according to text) that each dollar spent Saves nearly 1 ton of top soil

  18. Policies/Management Internationally, conservation efforts are also in place. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization subdivision of Farmer’s Centered Agricultural Resource Management Program FARM focus on developing nations to increase crop yields, better management and farming practices

  19. How Does Soil get Polluted? Irrigation – over saturation causes root rot leading to soil erosion Salinization- build up of salts in upper soil horizons from lower pulled up by capillarity or by water sources in irrigation systems

  20. How Does Soil get Polluted? Acid Rain Precipitation- percolation through the soil is taken up by root systems Pesticides- over use and accumulation of residues kill plants and animals, fungal Spores, bacteria, some that are helpful for the organic base of soils In addition, Toxicity levels affect human health.

  21. Alternatives/ New Trends in Soil Conservation Efforts Go green! Green Revolution means less chemical use Better technology in use of equipment Biotechnology in crops to reduce infestations and diseases Biological Pest Control PracticesHow Does Soil get Polluted?

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