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הרצאה 8 יסמין ויערה - 2005

הרצאה 8 יסמין ויערה - 2005. חלק I : ERP . חלק II : יישומי AI (בינה מלאכותית). חלק III : סיום הרצאת תקשורת ותקשוב. חלק IV : השלמות חומרה. חלק V : דיווח/ים נושא/ים . בשיעור הבא – מבחן מסכם (לכולם יש שם וסיסמה לקושייה בתבנית הנכונה?). חלק I : ERP. חלק I.

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הרצאה 8 יסמין ויערה - 2005

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  1. הרצאה 8יסמין ויערה - 2005 • חלק I: ERP. • חלק II: יישומי AI (בינה מלאכותית). • חלק III: סיום הרצאת תקשורת ותקשוב. • חלק IV: השלמות חומרה. • חלק V: דיווח/ים נושא/ים. • בשיעור הבא – מבחן מסכם (לכולם יש שם וסיסמה לקושייה בתבנית הנכונה?). מחשבים ומערכות מידע – יסמין ויערה יובל דן-גור

  2. חלק I: ERP

  3. חלק I ERPEnterprise Resource Planning פרופ' שיזף רפאלי מחשבים ומערכות מידע

  4. מה עושה ה ERP ? פרופ' שיזף רפאלי מחשבים ומערכות מידע

  5. מה עושה ה ERP ? פרופ' שיזף רפאלי מחשבים ומערכות מידע

  6. מה עושה ה ERP ? פרופ' שיזף רפאלי מחשבים ומערכות מידע

  7. מה עושה ה ERP ? ERPtakes a different approach. There is only one information system in an enterprise, the ERP. All applications access common data. Real events in the business initiate transactions. Accounting is done automatically by events in sales and production. Sales can see when products can be delivered. Production schedules are driven by sales. The whole system is designed to be real-time and not historical. פרופ' שיזף רפאלי מחשבים ומערכות מידע

  8. מה עושה ה ERP ? ERP embodies what are considered the "best business practices". A company implementing ERP adapts it operations to it to achieve its efficiencies and power. The process of adapting procedures to the SAP model involves "Business Process Re-engineering" which is a logical analysis of the events and relationships that exist in an enterprise's operations. פרופ' שיזף רפאלי מחשבים ומערכות מידע

  9. מה עושה ה ERP ? • Several layers: The Basis System + the heart of the system from a manager's viewpoint: the application modules. • FI Financial Accounting. • CO Controlling • AM Asset Management • PS Project System • WF Workflow • IS Industry Solutions • HR Human Resources • PM Plant Maintenance • MM Materials Management • QM Quality Management • PP Production Planning • SD Sales and Distribution פרופ' שיזף רפאלי מחשבים ומערכות מידע

  10. מה עושה ה ERP ? פרופ' שיזף רפאלי מחשבים ומערכות מידע

  11. Worldwide ERP Market $-bil 2000 30 2001 35 2002 45 2003 58 2004 73 Source: www.infotechtrends.com הרבה כסף... Approximately 65% of the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) market currently belongs to SAP, Oracle, PeopleSoft, J.D. Edwards, and Baan פרופ' שיזף רפאלי מחשבים ומערכות מידע

  12. שאלות על ERP • How long will an ERP project take?ERP vendors tell you about a three or six month average implementation time—real transformational ERP efforts usually run between one to three years • What will ERP fix in my business?Integrate financial data.Standardize manufacturing processes.Standardize HR information. • Will ERP fit the ways I do business? פרופ' שיזף רפאלי מחשבים ומערכות מידע

  13. שאלות על ERP • What does ERP really cost?Meta Group study of (TCO) of ERP, 63 companies surveyed -- the average TCO was $15 million (the highest was $300 million and lowest was $400,000). The TCO for a “heads-down” user over that period was a staggering $53,320. • When will I get payback from ERP—and how much will it be?Met Group found that it took eight months after the new system was in (31 months total) to see any benefits. But the median annual savings from the new ERP system was $1.6 million per year. פרופ' שיזף רפאלי מחשבים ומערכות מידע

  14. שאלות על ERP • The Hidden Costs of ERP • Training • Integration and Testing • Data conversion • Data analysis • Consultants • Replacing Your Best and Brightest • Implementation Teams Can Never Stop • Waiting for ROI • Post-ERP Depression פרופ' שיזף רפאלי מחשבים ומערכות מידע

  15. חלק II: יישומי AI

  16. Artificial intelligence • Goal • To develop computers that can act like people in every way • What do humans do? • Inwardly: think, react, emote • Outwardly: move, see, feelcreate, innovate, invent, crack jokes • Communicate among ourselves

  17. Developments by AI • Decision support systems • Support decision-making by humans • Expert systems • Make decision in place of an expert; • Acts as an expert assistant to a non-expert user • Neural nets • Fuzzy logic

  18. מערכות מומחהExpert systems • Application that acts as an expert CAPTURES HUMAN EXPERTISE IN LIMITED DOMAINS OF KNOWLEDGE • It gives recommendations • about customer credit • engineering problems • legal situations • sifting for the exception

  19. Expert System types (1) • KNOWLEDGE BASE: Model of Human Knowledge • RULE - BASED EXPERT SYSTEM : AI System Based on IF - THEN Statements (Bifurcation); Rule Base: Collection of IF - THEN Knowledge • SEMANTIC NETS: Uses Property of INHERITANCE to Organize, Classify Interrelated Characteristics

  20. Expert System types (2) • AI SHELL: Programming Environment of Expert System • INFERENCE ENGINE: Search Through Rule Base • FORWARD CHAINING: Uses Input; Searches Rules for Answer • BACKWARD CHAINING: Begins with Hypothesis, Seeks Information Until Hypothesis Accepted or Rejected

  21. Expert Systems limitations • Often Reduced to Problems of Classification • Can be Large, Lengthy, Expensive • Maintaining Knowledge Base Critical • Many Managers Unwilling to Trust such Systems

  22. Top-down in ExSys

  23. Simple example • If the animal hops and the object is tall, then the animal is a kangaroo. • If the animal is gray and large, then the animal is an elephant • The animal is tall. The animal is gray. The animal is large. • Solve by back chaining: What is the animal?

  24. Parts of an expert system • Inference engine • Knows which rules to execute • Rule base • List of rules • Fact base • Set of facts we provided

  25. Other points to be made (1/2) • Symbolic processing • Forget bits, bytes, and data structures — think of ‘symbols’ • Applicability • Rules are specific • Inference engine is general

  26. Other points to be made (2/2) • Expert system shell • Provides inference engine • Helps create rule and fact base • General tool for a wide variety of problems • Gives user capability to answer: • How did you determine that answer?

  27. ES Examples online • CLIPS: an ES shell made by NASA. Visit at: • http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/~clips/CLIPS.html • Try JESS monkey-and-bananas online, at : • http://www.scs.ryerson.ca/~dgrimsha/java/c820a198/ • Try the whale expert system, at: • http://www.vvv.com/ai/demos/whale.html • Winning AI financial and manufacturing applications: • http://www.brightware.com/company/awards/index.html

  28. רשתות נוירונים

  29. Neural Nets - back to biology

  30. רשתות נויורוניםNeural Nets • Designed to simulate the brain • Neurons, synapses • Useful when • Problem is difficult • An expert can’t say exactly how a decision is arrived at • Past situations (descriptions and decisions) are available • Ideal for massively parallel computers

  31. Neurons, Synapses, Axons, Dendrites

  32. And again...

  33. Credit decisions?

  34. יישומי רשתות נורוניםApplications of neural nets • Character recognition • Credit card fraud detection • Petroleum exploration • Financial forecasting • Loan approval • Missile guidance • Parking a truck

  35. רשתות נוירונים לעומת מערכות מומחה • Neural networks are flexible tools in a dynamic environment. • Neural networks have the capacity to learn rapidly and change quickly • Rule based systems are limited to the specific situation for which they were designed;

  36. רשתות נוירונים לעומת מערכות מומחה • Expert systems are rule-based computer programs. • Expert systems are good for applications with logical separators between decision-influencing factors. • Since ES have explicit rules, it is easy to understand how their decisions are made. • But expert systems are difficult to build because the rules don't always exist and the "expert" information is difficult to acquire.

  37. Fuzzy logic • Regular logic • Answer is false or true (i.e., 0 or 1) • Fuzzy logic • Answer ranges from 0 to 1 but can be anywhere in between (i.e., means maybe yes, maybe no) • Another “rule-based” development • Closer to the way people think

  38. Fuzzy logic: example • Think of “youngness” • Not just “young” or “old”; there are degrees

  39. Applications of fuzzy logic • Elevators • Automobile cruise control • Washing machines • Camera auto-focus באיזו מידה יש יישום ניהולי ל Fuzzy Logic? מומלץ לקרוא ולחשוב על “Virtuality”

  40. References מקורות • Spielberg’s AI film and web site • Buchanan’s brief history of AI: http://www.aaai.org/Pathfinder/bbhist.html • John McCarthy’s “What is AI?”http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/whatisai.html • AI Trends and Controversieshttp://www.computer.org/intelligent/articles/AI_controversies.htm

  41. The Internet and accompanying Technologies Part 5

  42. חלק III: סיום הרצאת תקשורת ותקשוב

  43. Primary Uses שימושים עיקריים

  44. EDI

  45. Networks allow client/server computingטכנולוגיית לקוח-שרת • Can distribute functions among machines • Editing data fields • Error checking • Help screens • Calculations • Query processing • Terminal Host • Display Host • Client Server • PC File server • Stand-alone PC Client Server

  46. CLIENT • USER POINT - OF - ENTRY • COMPUTER / WORKSTATION / LAPTOP • USER INTERACTS WITH CLIENT • THRU GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI) • ENTER & RETRIEVE DATA • ANALYZE & REPORT *

  47. SERVER • COMPUTER SATISFIES USER’S NEEDS • NOT VISIBLE TO USER • PROCESSING • ACCESS TO DATABASES *

  48. INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER (ISP) COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATION WITH PERMANENT CONNECTION TO INTERNET SELLS TEMPORARY CONNECTIONS TO SUBSCRIBERS *

  49. INTERNET CAPABILITIES CAPABILITY FUNCTIONS SUPPORTED E -MAIL PERSON -TO-PERSON MESSAGING; DOCUMENT SHARING USERNET NEWSGROUPS ELECTRONIC BULLETIN BOARDS CHATTING INTERACTIVE CONVERSATIONS TELNET LOG ON ONE COMPUTER, WORK ON ANOTHER GOPHERS LOCATE TEXT USING HIERARCHY OF MENUS ARCHIE SEARCH DATABASES FOR FILES AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOADING WAIS LOCATE FILES IN DATABASES USING KEYS FTP TRANSFER FILES FROM COMPUTER TO COMPUTER WORLD WIDE WEB HYPERTEXT LINKS TO RETRIEVE/FORMAT/DISPLAY INFORMATION

  50. ggalileo@univpisa.edu.it INDIVIDUAL OR ORGANIZATION NAME HOST COMPUTER DOMAIN LOCATION INTERNET ADDRESS

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