SCIENCE

1. SCIENCE “Science does not know its debt to imagination” –Emerson

2. What are the 4 branches ofScience? 1. Biology Study of life 2. Chemistry Study ofcomposition of matter • Physics Study of forces and motion • Earth Science Study of the Earth and its surroundings

3. Four Branches ofEarth Science • Geology • Study of the solid earth • Oceanography • Study of the oceans • Meteorology • Study of the atmosphere and weather • Astronomy • Study of the universe

4. 4 Earth’s Spheres

5. 1. Hydrosphere = all earth’s water…everywhere.

6. 2. Atmosphere = all the air surrounding earth

7. 3. Geosphere = all of the solid earth

8. 4. Biosphere = all living things on earth

9. Earth as a System • System – any size group of interacting parts that form a complex whole. • Driving Forces - • The Sun • Internal Heat

10. So What? • Why do we study the earth and things that are around the earth?

11. So What? • Why do we study the earth and things that are around the earth? • Water Wars

12. Determining Location • Latitude – distance N or S of equator measured in degrees • Lines run east and west • Measures distances N & S • 0º = equator • 90º = poles

13. Determining Location • Longitude – distance E or W of the Prime Meridian measured in degrees • Lines run N and S • Measures distances E & W • 0º = Prime Meridian…Greenwich, Eng. • 180º = International Date Line

15. Latitude and Longitude • Written as follows: 118°00’00” meaning 118 degrees, 0 minutes, and 0 seconds. • 31°30’15” = 31 degrees, 30 minutes, and 15 seconds. • Remember that minutes and seconds only go to 60…not 100! • Always connect the top/bottom and left/right lines of lat or long

16. Maps • Projecting from a round earth/globe onto a flat map will always produce some type of distortion… • Land & distances at the poles are greatly enlarged • Land & distances at the equator are normal

17. Topographic Maps (Contour Maps) • Represents the 3-D earth in 2-D. • Shows elevations by contour lines (lines of equal elevation) • Contour interval – elevation difference between adjacent lines • Scale – a distance on the map = a distance on the surface (ratio, bar, verbal) • Legend/key – explains symbols on the map

19. 5 Rules of Contour Lines • Never cross • “Vs” point upstream • Closely spaced lines = steep land • Farther spaced lines = flatter land • Form closed loops

20. Types of Rocks Chapter 3

21. What is a Rock? • Any consolidated material consisting of more than one mineral

22. 3 Types of Rocks • Igneous • Metamorphic • Sedimentary

23. Igneous Rocks (from fire) • 2 main types 1. Intrusive • Cools and forms slowly (large crystals) • From magma • Underground 2. Extrusive • Cools and forms quickly (small crystals) • From lava • Above ground

24. Igneous Rocks Classification • 2 ways to classify igneous rocks • 1. Texture & 2. Composition • Texture (4 types) 1. Coarse grained – slow cooling, large crystals 2. Fine grained – fast cooling, small crystals 3. Glassy – super fast cooling, glassy 4. Porphyritic – slow and fast cooling, has both large and small crystals

25. Course-Grained Igneous Texture

26. Fine-Grained Igneous Texture

27. Obsidian Exhibits a Glassy Texture.

28. Porphyritic Igneous Texture

29. 2Magma Groups (families) • 1. Granitic (felsic) = continental High in silica, light colored, low density • 2. Basaltic (mafic) = oceanic Low in silica, dark colored, high density

30. Sedimentary Rocks • From (Latin) sedimentum = settling • Made from sediments

31. Sedimentary Rock Classification 3 MAIN TYPES: • 1. Clastic = form from sediment • 2. Chemical = form from precipitation or evaporation • 3. Biochemical (organic) = form from remains of once living organisms

33. Chemical

35. Clastic Sedimentary Rocks categorized by size/shape • Conglomerate – rounded pebble sized • Breccia – angular pebble sized • Sandstone – sand sized • Siltstone– silt sized • Shale/mudstone – clay sized

36. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks • Crystalline limestone – precipitates from ocean water • Travertine – precipitates in caves • Chert/flint – quartz • Gypsum – precipitates from oceans, too • Rock salt – evaporated salt water

37. Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks • Fossil limestone – fossils remains • Coquina – shells and shell fragments • Chalk – microscopic shells and clay • Bituminous coal – plant remains

38. Sedimentary Rock Features • Ripple Marks • Mudcracks • Bedding • Foliation (layers)

39. Metamorphic Rocks Means to change form 2 types of metamorphism 1. Contact Metamorphism – small areas from magma 2. Regional Metamorphism – large areas from mountain building

40. 3 Agents of Metamorphism • Heat (temperature) • Pressure (stress) • Chemicals

41. Metamorphic Rock Types • Foliated – easily seen layers due to heat and pressure. ex: gneiss and slate • Non foliated – no layers can be seen ex: marble and quartzite

42. 1. Foliated Metamorphic • Slate – very thin layers, from shale • Phyllite – thin layers, sheen, wavy, from slate • Schist – medium layers,shiny, micas, from phyllite • Gneiss – distinct black & white layers, from schist or granite

43. Nonfoliated Metamorphic • Marble – shiny, fizzes in acid, H = 3, from limestone • Quartzite – shiny, won’t fizz, H = 6 – 7, from sandstone • Anthracite coal – shiny, black, from bituminous coal The carbon cycle…see page 85

44. Lab Information

45. Igneous Rocks= most common overall--never layered--can be spotty,glassy--can have holes--crystals rectangular

46. Sedimentary Rocks • Most common on surface • Usually dull earthy colors • Can have fossils • Can be layered • Rounded grains

47. Metamorphic Rocks = most common around NC • crystals flattened • may be layered/foliated • can be shiny/sheeny

48. The Rock Cycle • Continuous model that shows how rocks can change from 1 type into another. • Interactions among water, air, land, and living things can cause rocks to change. • types of energy that drive the rock cycle: 1. SUN=external forces = weathering, etc. produce sedimentary rocks 2. MAGMA=internal forces=heat produces igneous and metamorphic rocks

49. and deposition and chemicals and deposition and deposition and chemicals and crystallization and deposition Heat, pressure, and chemicals

50. Rock Cycle Driving Factors • Sun - Drives the water cycle that produces weathering and erosion. • Heat from Earth’s Interior • Heat produces igneous and metamorphic rocks. • Gravitational Energy - Gravity pulls everything down…rockslides, falling rain, tall mountains, etc.