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Sound

Sound. Phonetics & Phonology. General considerations. Speech sounds and sounds that convey meaning Their patterns Sound change. Phonetics. The study of how speech sounds are made, transmitted and received. Vocal organs. The lungs and windpipe/trachea Larynx and vocal cords

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Sound

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  1. Sound Phonetics & Phonology

  2. General considerations • Speech sounds and sounds that convey meaning • Their patterns • Sound change

  3. Phonetics The study of how speech sounds are made, transmitted and received

  4. Vocal organs • The lungs and windpipe/trachea • Larynx and vocal cords • Vocal tract/cavity: oral tract vs. nasal tract • Upper lip/teeth, alveolar ridge, hard/soft palate, uvular and pharynx • Lower lip/teeth and the tip/blade/front/center/ back/root of the tongue

  5. Consonants Airstream being obstructed in some way • Voicing • Places of articulation • Manners of articulation Compare: vie, phi, buy, my

  6. Places of articulation • bilabial: pie/buy/my • labiodental: five/vie • dental: thigh/thy • alveolar: tie/die/nigh/sigh/zeal/lie • retroflex: rye • palato-alveolar: shy • palatal: you • velar: hack/hag/hang Compare: fee, theme, see, she wing, win, whim

  7. Manners of articulation • plosive: my/nigh vs. pie/tie/guy (nasal vs. oral) • frictive: five/vie/sigh/zoo/thigh/thy/shy • approximant: yacht/we/raw • lateral: lay/ale • affricate: church/judge [s] in sing: voiceless, alveolar frictive [N] in sing: voiced, velar, nasal stop

  8. Vowels • The height of the body of the tongue • The front-back position of the tongue • The degree of lip rounding

  9. Assimilation • Regressive right place [p] good morning [b] one cup cf bank [N] have to [f] • Progressive cats [s] dogs [z]

  10. CV continuum & syllabics More/less vowel/consonant-like Vowels Consonants [m][n][l] button [bQtn] Little [litl]

  11. Weak forms black and white [En] but why not [bEt] as good as gold [Ez] better than not [TEn] Did he win [i] How do they know [dE] (before consonants) to stay or to go [tE] I need some paper [sEm] The men have gone [Ev] (not after pronouns)

  12. Suprasegmentals • Stress (and rhythm) It was an accident. cheaperfares – cheapaffairs Give itto John. Howdid you manageto be therein time? • Pitch/Intonation He was in an appalling bad temper. • Length: bed – beat cf big – wish

  13. Phonology • which sounds occur e.g. *xoda - poda • what their distribution is e.g. *ngatus – singer/sing • how they can be combined e.g. *bnick - blick • how they might be realized differently in different positions e.g blocks – boards - mattresses

  14. Properties of phonology • Abstract • Universal • Modular • Hierarchical e.g. 1a. electric – electricity [k] [s] b. kick −/→ sick 2a. cats – dogs – matches b. Abner

  15. Phones, minimal pair, phonemes and allophones (allo)phonesphonemes meat – neat [m,n] /m,n/ buy – pie [b,ph] /b,p/ pie – spy [ph,p] Phonological rules: a b / c_d e.g. ph p / s_

  16. Grouping sounds into phonemes • Complementary distribution • Free variation • Phonetic similarity e.g. shoe - she cup

  17. Phonological structure prosodic words metric feet syllables segments features

  18. Syllable structure   O R O R N C N C b C tk l P m p O = onset (首音) N = nucleus (音节核) R = rime (韵) C = coda (音节尾)

  19. Rhyme and alliteration syllable rime Onset nucleus coda brand [brA nd] bridge [b i dV] ridge [r i dV]

  20. Alternation: insertion or deletion 1a. palp tread on b. palpa treading on c. papt’a to tread on     p a l p a p a p t’ a

  21. Sequencing: sonority hierarchy vowel > liquid/glide/nasal > affricate/frictive/stop 1a. *bnick b. *kibn c. lab-network d. drabness e. Abner 2a. bloat – clam (C1C2V…) b. spring/split (C1C2C3V…) 3a. lent/belt/lift/mist/apt (…VC1C2) b. text (…VC1C2C3)

  22. Stress and syllabification 1a. attack – attic (C)V$CV b. below – bellow cf tapper – taper 2a. apply (C)VCCV(C) b. Abner

  23. Universals & constraints CVC vs. CV V vs. CV • Syllable structure markedness constraints • NUC Syllables must have a nucleaus • ONSET Syllables must have an onset • NOCODA Codas are not allowed • Input/output constraints • *ADD Don’t add material to the input • *DELETE Don’t delete material from the input

  24. banana

  25. test

  26. Subsegmental structure • Distinctive features e.g. /p/ - /b/ (voicing) /p/ - /g/ (voicing+place) /p/ - /z/ (voicing+place+manner) • Features • Binary [±sonorant] • Privative [±nasal] • Multivalued [±high]

  27. Feature matrices b i l

  28. Timing: deletion or compensa- tory lengthening 1a. /kosmis/ [ko:mis] courteous b. /kasnus/ [ka:nus] gray c. /fideslia/ [fide:lia] pot 2a. /smereo:/ [merio:] deserve b. /snurus/ [nurus] daughter-in-law

  29. Summary Surface phonetic representations (output) Constraints/rules Underlying phonemic representations (input)

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