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Impact of Treaties

Impact of Treaties. Mandate system Article 22 was written before the actual territorial concession were decided. It was Britain and France that essentially decided the territories bi-laterally.

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Impact of Treaties

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  1. Impact of Treaties Mandate system Article 22 was written before the actual territorial concession were decided. It was Britain and France that essentially decided the territories bi-laterally. U.S. Sec. of State, Robert Lansing, stated that it was their way of gaining the spoils of war without having them count towards the reparations payments. (n.b. Article 243 stated that non-mandated areas count against reparations)

  2. Impact of Treaties Impact of Mandate System: The Middle East in the 1920’s

  3. Impact of Treaties Impact of Mandate System In the Eastern Mediterranean, Palestine was granted to Britain as a “special mandate” from 1920 to 1948.

  4. Impact of Treaties Impact of Mandate system

  5. Impact of Treaties Germany alone lost 13% of its European territories The coal & iron-ore rich areas of the Alsace-Lorraine (France), the Saar (League) & Upper Silesia (Poland) were gone.

  6. Impact of Treaties

  7. Impact of Treaties The lack of ethnic self-determination underscored by German territorial losses in the East which included 2 million ethnic Germans. Translation “Lost — but not forgotten land” “Into the heart you are to dig yourselves these words as into stone: That which we have lost may not truly be lost!”

  8. Impact of Treaties Anschluss forbidden Prior to the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71), Prussia fought the Austro-Prussian War (1866) for the right to rule a unified German people, so the idea of anschluss had existed for some time.

  9. Impact of Treaties “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory Popularized by the Freikorps – a group of disgruntled & militant German WW1 veterans

  10. Impact of Treaties Diktat Having not been allowed a ‘seat at the table,’ even though they had made gestures of change: Hindenburg convinces Kaiser to abdicate Democratic government established (Weimar) The Germans felt as though a Carthaginian peace had been forced upon them.

  11. Impact & Enforcement of Treaties Reparations & poor monetary policy With the original amount set at 269 billion gold marks (over 50% of the gold ever mined!) the IARC reduced the amount to a sizeable, though manageable 121 billion gold marks over 42 years in April 1921. Germany made its 1st payment, but claimed it couldn’t pay the 2nd. Some argued this was the inevitable due to the exorbitant sum, such as John Maynard Keynes. Although, even he stated that the main problem was that the Germans, “unable, or too timid or too short-sighted to secure from loans or taxes the resources they required, have printed notes for the balance.” The Economic Consequences of the Peace

  12. Impact of Treaties Reparations & poor monetary policy

  13. Enforcement of Treaties Reparations & poor monetary policy Germany announces in at the end of 1921 that it cannot make its payments. The Geneva Conference April 1922: DLG believed in a “moratorium” on reparations payments, but France refused. DLG thought that if U.S.S.R. opened up for foreign investors (incl. German) all would benefit & reparations could continue. Soviet Foreign Minister, Chicherin, and German Foreign Minister, Walter Rathenau, sign secret Rapallo Agreement, forgiving each other of debts from the war and agreeing to greater diplomatic ties. Along with military provision added in July of ’22, DLG’s aspirations for a successful conference were dashed.

  14. Enforcement of Treaties U.S. calls in British loans in July ‘22 British demand French repayment French Occupation of the Ruhr in January of 1923.

  15. Enforcement of Treaties French Occupation of the Ruhr 1923

  16. Enforcement of Treaties The Ruhr Crisis – January 1923 German workers strike. French & Belgians send in 60K troops. German government encourages strike and passive resistance, agreeing to pay the workers wages. Hyper-inflation skyrockets!!! Gustav Stressman elected chancellor and ends strike in September.

  17. Enforcement of Treaties No Anglo-American guarantee The lack of British and American support is felt in the Ruhr Crisis with both adopting a position of “benevolent neutrality” Though they both recommend a conference in London to settle the dispute. U.S. Financier, Charles Dawes, recommends a way to end the Ruhr Crisis and help Germany pay its reparations.

  18. Enforcement of Treaties London Conference & the Dawes Plan

  19. Enforcement of Treaties London Conference & the Dawes Plan The U.S. finally convinced Germany to accept a series of substantial loans from the U.S. (totaling 800 million gold marks), which did indeed help the German economy recover from 1924-28 The French (secretly) agreed to withdraw their troops from the Ruhr within a year (the last of which left in July of 1925) However, it made German recovery almost entirely dependent on U.S. loans, and it made Germany nervous as the US leveraged German railways to extend the loans.

  20. Translation: “For 3 generations, you’ll have to slave away!” The Young Plan lowered the amount to $112 billion gold marks to be paid in bi-annual payments over 59 years. Enforcement of Treaties The Young Plan of 1929-30

  21. Enforcement of Treaties Military stripped Germans felt like their military was so castrated that they immediately looked for ways around the provisions. Training & activating different groups of 100K at regular intervals Negotiating treaties with U.S.S.R. so that they could train their military in the Soviet Union(secret addition to Rapallo)

  22. Enforcement of Treaties Defensive measures The Maginot Line

  23. Enforcement of Treaties Enforcing Disarmament Washington Conference 1921-22 Japan began building its Pacific fleet. The U.S. responds in kind, but wants to end the Anglo-Japanese alliance. The Four Power Treaty is signed (US, UK, Fr. & Jap.) agreeing to respect Pacific holdings & end alliance. Conference held to end the building of capital ships for 10 years & set a ratio for remaining capital ships (eventually extended to smaller ships at Geneva Conference of ‘27).

  24. Enforcement of Treaties Washington Conference 1921-22 U.S. U.K. Japan France Italy 15 15 955

  25. Enforcement of Treaties Enforcing Disarmament: The Draft Treaty of Mutual Assistance 1923 & The Geneva Protocol of 1924 The DTMA: sponsored by France, requiring all League members to come to the aid of victims of aggression. The GP: sponsored by France, called for general disarmament and made arbitration compulsory in all disputes. Britain rejects both proposals b/c it didn’t want to be drawn into policing the world.

  26. Enforcement of Treaties Enforcing Disarmament: The Locarno Treaties October 1925 Prompted by the negotiations between the British (Chamberlain) and Germans (Stressman), the Germans agree to accept the territorial losses in the West, in return for a normalization of relations with France and de-militarization of the Rhineland. France (Briand) agrees thus ushering in a new, albeit brief, era of cooperation. (n.b. Eastern territorial losses to Poland and Czechoslovakia were not part of the guarantees.)

  27. Enforcement of Treaties The Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928 As the U.S. & Warren Harding began to soften towards international cooperation, Aristide Briand, Fr. Foreign Minister & Frank Kellogg, U.S. Sec. of State, propose a pact among nations that would “outlaw war.” 15 sign the pact in August of 1928 50 more had joined by 1933

  28. Enforcement of Treaties London Naval Conference 1929-30 A follow up to the Washington Five Power Naval Treaty of 1922: New ratio was set for the U.S., the U.K. & Japan of 10:10:7 (France & Italy recused themselves) 5 year halt on the construction of capital ships

  29. Enforcement of Treaties The World Disarmament Conference 1932-34 Began Feb. of 1932 to “reduce” “offensive” armaments. Hoover supported b/c the financial burden of military expenditures. Disagreements over what was offensive v. defensive and tactical v. strategic slowed progress Hitler elected Chancellor in January of 1933 and begins aggressive re-armament (secretly going on since early 1920s) Japanese withdraw in March of 1933 Germany withdraws in October of 1933

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