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Temple Monks and Hijiri: The People Who Supported the Management of Temple Landholdings

Temple Monks and Hijiri: The People Who Supported the Management of Temple Landholdings. Nagamura Makoto Japan Women’s University. Introduction. Primary support for medieval temples was provided by temple-owned estates Temples collaborated with local administrators to manage estates

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Temple Monks and Hijiri: The People Who Supported the Management of Temple Landholdings

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  1. Temple Monks and Hijiri: The People Who Supported the Management of Temple Landholdings Nagamura Makoto Japan Women’s University

  2. Introduction • Primary support for medieval temples was provided by temple-owned estates • Temples collaborated with local administrators to manage estates • Kamakura-era Tôdaiji estates managed by: • Regular temple monks • Kanjin hijiri under direction of Chôgen • Example: Ôbe estate

  3. Regular monks at Tôdaiji • Scholar-monks • Lower-ranking service monks • Both belonged to monastic order & had rights & duties accordingly • Performed ritual chanting, presented offerings during services, helped to maintain temple

  4. Monastic offices • Director (bettô) • Chief priest (shikyô) & 3 deans （sangô）: managed Tôdaiji itself • Custodians (azukaridokoro) & rent collection officials (jôtsukai & kyûshu) who managed temple landholdings • Scholar-monks also involved in temple management as well as study, & sometimes traveled to Tôdaiji estates

  5. Hijiri • Monks who abandoned their position at a temple OR • Unofficial religious practitioners who: • Built temples • Made images • Copied sutras

  6. Tôdaiji Restoration: Kanjin • Kamakura period: Tôdaiji was rebuilt after it was burned down • Chôgen (at left) headed group that collected donations (kanjin) for the project • Kanjin hijiri like Chôgen respected for integrity • Chôgen’s provincial temples stimulated temple-estate economy

  7. Todaiji office for collecting donations (kanjinjô) inherited functions from Chôgen & his kanjin hijiri group: Functions included construction & repair of temple buildings Chôgen was entrusted with Ôbe estate management He willed this post to the Tônan’in head monk (Chôgen distrusted the main temple, Tôdaiji) Ôbe estate & Suô public lands provided resources for Tôdaiji reconstruction Estate Management

  8. By willing Ôbe estate management to Tônan’in head monks, Chôgen handed it over from hijiri to regular temple monks Rents were designated for rituals at Tôdaiji Autonomous temples (Jôdoji on Ôbe estate, Amidaji in Suô) served religious needs of residents --> Hijiri used both coercive power as estate managers and influence based on religious beliefs Management: from Hijiri to Temple Monks

  9. Temple monks: estate management not religious act but a way to guarantee temple resources Hijiri: Estate management: linked to temple building repair, religious services--> virtuous acts that formed ties with the dharma Hijiri: with fewer restraints they could use their abilities for estate management during the reconstruction period Temple monks: assumed estate management after reconstruction was finished Conclusion

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