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Socialization

Socialization. Socialization. Learning to be human Learning elements of one’s culture. Socialization and the Self. Self: Sense of having a distinct identity; of being apart from other people and things

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Socialization

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  1. Socialization

  2. Socialization • Learning to be human • Learning elements of one’s culture

  3. Socialization and the Self • Self: Sense of having a distinct identity; of being apart from other people and things • Personality: Characteristic emotional, thought, and behavior patterns; consistent over time

  4. Socialization and the Self • Charles Horton Cooley: • Self is defined and developed through social interaction • Looking-Glass Self: • Our image of ourselves is a reflection of how others react to us • How we imagine others see us • How we imagine they judge what they see • How we feel about those judgments

  5. Socialization and the Self • George Herbert Mead: • Imitation • Infants mimic behavior • Play stage • Role-play significant others • Game stage • Take the roles of several others at once • Generalized other: Image of the structure, norms, values of society as a whole; “people in general”

  6. Social Categorization • Cognitive tool to define the self in the larger social world • Ordering of social environment: • Groupings of people • Makes sense to the individual • Learned through socialization in various groups to which the individual belongs

  7. Social Categorization • In-Groups • We care about other people’s welfare • We are willing to cooperate without demanding equal returns • We don’t like to be separated from • Out-Groups • We don’t care about members’ welfare • We cooperate only by demanding equal returns

  8. Social Categorization • Social Identity • Part of self-concept • Includes: • Knowledge of a group membership • Value and emotional significance of that group membership • Inclusion vs. Differentiation • Identity activation

  9. Agents of Socialization • Individual, group, organization that influences behavior and sense of self • Reference Group: Group or social category that people use as a guide to develop values, attitudes, behavior, self-image • Normative function • Evaluative function

  10. Agents of Socialization: Family • First social world children encounter • Parenting styles: • Authoritarian • Permissive • Authoritative

  11. Agents of Socialization: School • American students spend at least 180 days per year in school • Directly teach culture • Indirectly socialize (through textbooks, classes); introduce to large organizations • Anticipatory Socialization: Learning about, practicing new role before one is in a position to play the role

  12. Agents of Socialization: Peers • Children create a private peer culture • Themes: • Sharing and social participation • Dealing with fears and conflicts • Resisting adult rules and authority

  13. Agents of Socialization: Mass Media • Forms of communication that reach large numbers of people • Television • Virtually all U.S. households have TVs • Media violence

  14. Socialization in Adulthood • Total Institutions • Desocialization • Resocialization

  15. Socialization in Adulthood • Total Institutions • Desocialization • Resocialization • Occupational Socialization

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