The Rise of Mass Democracy

1. The Rise of Mass Democracy Chapter 13

2. Essential Question? • In what ways did US politics change during the administrations of John Q. Adams, Jackson, Van Buren, and William Harrison?

3. The Corrupt Bargain • 1824 Presidential election • US has 1 major political party: Democratic-Republicans • 4 run for president: John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford, and Andrew Jackson. • What background knowledge do you have of Adams, Clay and Jackson?

4. The Contenders: 1824

5. Jackson clearly had popular support Received as many popular votes as the 2nd and 3rd place candidates combined. BUT, he did not receive a majority in the Electoral College The Constitution requires the House of Representatives to decide between the top 3. Adams, Jackson, and Crawford were the top 3 Clay was eliminated, BUT he happened to be Speaker of the House! Adams was selected by the House to become the 6th president. Adams selected Clay as his Secretary of State Jackson accused Adams of bribing Clay What do you think? The Corrupt Bargain

6. President John Q. Adams

7. Adams Administration Timeline • 1824: Jackson wins majority of popular votes • 1825: “Corrupt Bargain”, House picks Adams to be president • 1828: Tariff of Abomination

8. A Yankee Misfit in the White House • Few had, or will ever match the credintials of J. Q. Adams. • Possibly the most qualified person ever to hold the presidency.

9. Democratic-Republicans began to split after 1824 Jackson = “Old Hickory” Jackson appealed to the common man, promised to bring reform to Washington if elected in 28 Mudslinging: Called Adams an aristocrat, out of touch with average American; also claimed that he was a “pimp” for tsar Adams supporters called his mother a prostitute and his wife an adulteress Jackson won in 1828, 178 to 83 in the Electoral College Going “Whole Hog” for Jackson in 1828

10. President Andrew Jackson

11. 1828: elected 1830: Indian Removal Act 1832: Bank War Tariff of 1832 Black Hawk War Jackson reelected SC nullification crisis 1833: Compromise Tariff Jackson removes federal $ from Bank of US 1836:Bank of US expires Texas wins independence Jackson Administration’s Timeline

12. “Old Hickory” • Still had 2 bullets in him from earlier duels • Not a good writer • Born in SC, but moved to Tennessee • No college, but excelled in military and Congress • Born poor, but had become rich; owned slaves • Welcomed “common folk” into White House on inauguration, riot ensues

13. The Spoils System • Spoils System: practice of giving political supporters government jobs after election (patronage) • Jackson gave people jobs they weren’t capable or qualified for. • One appointee stole $1 million from US • Patronage gave people incentive to choose a party and stick with it.

14. Tariffs protect US industry from outside competition, but invite tariffs from other nations. New England and Middle States like tariffs, South and West don’t 1828 Tariff passed Economic struggles in the South Tariff perceived by southerners as stepping stone toward federal ban on slavery. 1822: Denmark Vessey slave uprising in SC spread fear South determined to make a stand against federal power VP John Calhoun of SC writes an article encouraging nullification The Tricky “Tariff of Abominations”

15. New Tariff of 1832 SC convention declares tariff Null and void; essential say that the power of the state is stronger than federal power SC threatened to leave the union Jackson threatens to invade SC! Senator Henry Clay proposed a compromise; the tariff would be lowered drop each year SC supports compromise, mainly because no other states stood by them “Nullies” in South Carolina

16. Essential Questions? • What is nullification? • The ability of a state to invalidate a federal law it does not agree with. • Why was this important during the Jackson years? • SC attempts to nullify a tariff, leading to a national crisis. • What will become of this issue? • Prelude to causes of the Civil War!

17. Southern Indians had adopted American ways: farming, land ownership, slavery White southerners coveted their land 5 “Civilized” Tribes: Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Seminole Georgia took Cherokee land Cherokees take case to the Supreme Court which rules that the Cherokees have the right to land. Jackson backs Georgia, “John Marshall (Chief Justice of Supreme Court) has made his decision; now let him enforce it.” What does this quote say about checks and balances? The Trail of Tears

18. Jackson administration forced Indians off their land to modern Oklahoma. About 25% died on the journey. Some Indians refused to go with their brethren, they hid in mountains and swamps. Sauk and Fox, lead by Black Hawk, waged war with US in Wisconsin and Iowa, but US defeated them. Seminoles fought US for 7 years, lead by Osceola, but they too finally succumbed to the US military. The Trail of Tears

19. Trail of Tears

20. Bank of the US was a private institution, but most federal $ was deposited there. Jackson hated the bank, thought that it was too powerful and unconstitutional (the Supreme Court had already ruled that is IS constitutional, McCulloch v. Maryland 1819) Congress approved a re-charter bill for the BUS in 1832 Jackson vetoed the bill 1st time a veto was used to stop a bill not based on constitutionality, but rather on personal feelings Not a popular move among intellectuals, but the common man backed Jackson. The Bank War

21. Bank War

22. Old Hickory Wallops Clay in 1832 • Opposition to Jackson gave rise to the Anti-Masonic Party, although it did not play much of a factor in 1832. • What are the Masons? • Henry Clay lost to Jackson 219 to 49 in the Electoral College

23. Jackson can’t wait for BUS to expire in 1836, withdraws federal deposits in 1833. Idea was that without federal $, bank would bleed to death It worked, BUS became a non-factor Federal $ put into smaller “pet banks” Pet Banks printed paper $ like crazy, soon became worthless Started a cycle of economic booms then busts Huge economic crash of 1837 happens just after Jackson leaves office. Burying the Bank of the US

24. By 1836 the Democratic-Republican party of Jefferson had broken up into 2 separate parties. Jackson supporters now called themselves Democrats. The Whigs were comprised of many types of people: supporters of the American system, states’ rights fans, northern industrialists, and evangelicals. Whigs wanted internal improvements (roads, canals, telegraph lines); also supported prisons and public schools) Whigs welcomed the market economy) Both parties claimed to be the defenders of the common man The Birth of the Whigs

25. The Election of 1836 • Democrats and Jackson supported VP Martin Van Buren for president • Whigs were disorganized in 1836, but most supported William Harrison. • Van Buren won the Electoral College 170 to 124.

26. President Martin Van Buren

27. Van Buren Administration’s Timeline • 1836: elected • 1837: Economic Panic of 1837 • Seminole Indians defeated • 1838: Cherokee Removal, “Trail of Tears”

28. Big Woes for the “Little Magician” • 1st president to be born under an independent US • Suffered many misfortunes • Jackson’s economic policies failed, but Van Buren took the blame.

29. Banks often “speculated”, or gambled on bad investments. When investments failed, the bank failed, and people with $ in those banks lost out Crop failures added to the bad times Economic troubles in Europe affected US Hundreds of banks failed Unemployment and land foreclosures Panic of 1837 was caused by Jackson, but Van Buren caught the blame Depression Doldrums

30. Essential Question? • What caused the Panic of 1837? • What do you think will be the outcome?

31. US population growing, need for more land Texas was part of Mexico, but not many people lived there (Comanche) Mexico invited Americans to come to Texas and gave them land IF: 1. Became Mexican Citizens 2. Practiced Catholicism Many moved, but ignored Mexican prerequisites Mexican military dictator Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna ignored the Constitution of 1824 Settlers resented Mexican interference with their lives, especially: 1. Mexican soldiers near settlements 2. Abolition of slavery in 1830 G.T.T. (Gone to Texas)

32. “Father of Texas” Representative Stephan Austin went to Mexico City in 1833 to resolve differences peacefully. Santa Anna threw him in jail Stephan Austin

33. The Lone Star Rebellion 1836 Texas declares independence from Mexico • Small battles ensue, Texans make small groups of Mexican armies look stupid • Santa Anna sends full force to Texas to suppress insurrection

34. Less than 200 Texans at the Alamo in Feb., 1836 (David Crockett, Sam Bowie, William Travis notable defenders) After 13 day seize, Santa Anna’s army takes Alamo, slaughters defenders. “Remember the Alamo” rallying cry for Texans At Goliad, Texan army of 400 surrenders, Santa Anna slaughters them. Texan army lead by Sam Houston retreats. Santa Anna pursues Remember the Alamo

35. At San Jacinto, Houston’s forces surprise the much larger Mex. Army during a siesta. Houston captures Santa Anna. Anna agrees to Texas independence in exchange for his life. Rio Grande set as border. Important! Not just American settlers that fought for independence, Mexicans living in Texas did as well! (Tejanos) Most Texans preferred annexation by US to independence. US reluctant due to rising debate over slavery. Lone Star Surprise

36. Whigs dubbed President “Martin Van Ruin” due to economic panic. 1840, Whigs again nominate William Harrison. Harrison a hero of 1812: Battle of Tippecanoe and the Thames Nicknames “Old Tippecanoe” Democrats laughed at Harrison’s backwoods roots. Tried to talk smack by saying he drank hard cider. To the public, this was really a positive for Harrison, made Van Buren seem elite. “Tippecanoe and Tyler too” campaign slogan Harrison won electoral college 234 to 60, becomes 9th president Log Cabins and Hard Cider

37. President William Harrison

38. 1840 election important for 2 reasons Triumph of populist democratic style. US was truly a democracy, ruled by people Van Buren seemed too high class for voters. What parallels do we see in the 1840 and 2008 elections? 2. Formation of consistent 2 party system in US politics. Democrats promote individual liberty Guard against politics of privilege Whigs promote harmony and government as a tool to achieve this. 2 party system endures today Politics for the People

39. 2 Party System • Each party keeps the other in check, prevents abuse. • Geographical diversity prevented sectionalism from dominating, at least for 20 years. • Provided balance for the increasing issue of slavery (hint!)

40. Essential Question? • In what ways did US politics change during the administrations of John Q. Adams, Jackson, Van Buren, and William Harrison?