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01 LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV A – CALABARZON Schools Division of Laguna District of Los Baños TUNTUNGIN-PUTHO INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Date: S.Y. 2021-2022 Name:_____________________________Subject: ENGLISH 10 Section: ___________________ Teacher: MARIA GOLDA J. PEREZ MELC: Distinguish technical terms used in research The following are the basic terminologies you need to understand. anticipated to contribute a big help to solve the problem on COVID-19 because the plasma from the blood of the recovered patients develop antibodies that might help fight the infection. 7. Target Population- The set of individuals or object with common characteristics selected for a research study. Example : The doctors and nurses are target population for the research topic “The Difficulties Encountered by Health Workers During Pandemic” 8. Sampling –The process of selecting sample from the target population to represent the entire population. 9. Analysis –Method of sorting, organizing and interpreting data to answer research question and to draw inferences. 10. Paradigm- This is a set of assumptions and perceptual orientations shared by members of the research community. This also includes the research method employed in the research. Identify the research term defined by each item. _______1. This is a set of assumptions and perceptual orientations shared by members of the research community. _______2. This is the process of selecting sample from the target population to represent the entire population. _______3. This is the method of sorting, organizing and interpreting data to answer research question and to draw inferences. _______4. The variable that is changed and controlled in an experiment to test the effects on the dependent variables. _______5. This is the set of individuals or object with common characteristics selected for a research study. Write IV if the underlined phrase is an independent variable and DV if dependent variable. _______1. What is the effect of online gaming in the social behavior of a person. _______2. Which online shop app, Lazada or Shoppee is used by most online shoppers? _______3. How does the pandemic affect the economy of the Phillipines? _______4. Which gender has the stronger coping mechanism against stress? _______5. How many consumers choose Milk Tea over Iced Coffee? 1. Abstract – a clear summary that shows the important contents of the study. It is usually found in the beginning pf the article. 2. Data – Facts, statistics, figures or evidences collected during the study. 3. Variables- Properties or characteristics of people , things or situations that change or vary. There are two kinds of variables are : a. Independent Variable – The variable that is changed and controlled in an experiment to test the effects on the dependent variables. b. Dependent Variable – The variable that is being tested. Examples : • The Length of student’s sleep affects his test scores. Independent variable – the length of sleep Dependent variable – test scores • The difference between how man and woman defines love. Independent variable – gender ( man and woman ) Dependent variable - their definitions of love 4. Proposition- The statement that expresses relationship between concepts. Examples ; relationship between playing mobile games and player’s behavior 5. Conceptual Framework – An interrelated concepts put together by relevance. 6. Assumption – Basic principle that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn. Example : The plasma from the blood of the COVID-19 patients is a potential cure for the infection. This is still in the process of study and investigation nd
02 LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV A – CALABARZON Schools Division of Laguna District of Los Baños TUNTUNGIN-PUTHO INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Date: S.Y. 2021-2022 Name:_____________________________Subject: ENGLISH 10 Section: ___________________ Teacher: MARIA GOLDA J. PEREZ MELC: Distinguish technical terms used in research Research has been defined in different ways. However, the word itself came from the Middle French word "recherche", which means "to go about seeking". John W. Creswell defined research as “a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue". According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. Research involves inductive and deductive methods.” To know more about research, you have to distinguish technical terms used in research particularly Other Research Terms and Expressions. Other Research Terms and Expressions A. Types of Information Resources 1. Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. Primary sources can include the following - a. Texts of laws and other original documents. b. Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did. c. Speeches, diaries, letters and interviews - what the people involved said or wrote. d. Original research. e. Datasets, survey data, such as census or economic statistics. f. Photographs, video, or audio that capture an event. 2. Secondary Sources are one step removed from primary sources, though they often quote or otherwise use primary sources. They can cover the same topic, but add a layer of interpretation and analysis. Secondary sources can include the following - a. Most books about a topic. b. Analysis or interpretation of data. c. Scholarly or other articles about a topic, especially by people not directly involved. d. Documentaries (though they often include photos or video portions that can be considered primary sources). B. Other Research Terms 1. Bibliography is a list of all of the sources you have used (whether referenced or not) in the process of researching your work. In general, a bibliography should include: a. the authors' names b. the titles of the works c. the names and locations of the companies that published your copies of the sources d. the dates your copies were published e. the page numbers of your sources (if they are part of multi- source volumes) 2. Citation is a reference to the source of information used in your research. Any time you directly quote, paraphrase or summarize the essential elements of someone else's idea in your work, an in-text citation should follow. An in-text citation is a brief notation within the text of your paper or presentation which refers the reader to a fuller notation, or end-of- paper citation, which provides all necessary details about that source of information. 3. Data is the factual information [as measurements or statistics] used as a basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation. 4. Interview is a conversation for gathering information. A research interview involves an interviewer, who coordinates the process of the conversation and asks questions, and an interviewee, who responds to those questions. Interviews can be conducted face-to-face or over the telephone. The internet is also emerging as a tool for interviewing. 5. Questionnaire is a structured set of questions on specified subjects that are used to gather information, attitudes, or opinions. Classify the materials listed below. Tell whether if the material is a Primary Source or a Secondary Source. __________1. Dissertation __________2. Letters and Diaries __________3. Encyclopedia __________4. Biography __________5. Interview
03 LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV A – CALABARZON Schools Division of Laguna District of Los Baños TUNTUNGIN-PUTHO INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Date: S.Y. 2021-2022 Name:_____________________________Subject: ENGLISH 10 Section: ___________________ Teacher: MARIA GOLDA J. PEREZ MELC: Give expanded definitions of words What is Extended definition? Extended definition is the meaning of an idea or word that is presented in a longer, paragraph format. We understand what we read, and we better explain our point when we know what the words mean. There are different techniques to define a word, concept, or phrase, in extended definition format. These include the following: 1. Listing and describing the parts- identifying smaller, more familiar pieces of an idea to point to the definition of the bigger concept. Example: 7. Ramifications- showing how the term or concept affects people or objects. Examples: 8. Historical references- showing how a word has been defined throughout history. Example: 2. Etymology- sharing the word's origin. Example: TRUE or FALSE: Write true if the sentence is correct. Write false if the sentence is wrong. ________1. Extended definition helps us to clearly understand the meaning of words. ________2. There are several techniques to do extended definition of words. ________3. You are proficient in a language if you know how to define words. ________4. Historical reference is one of the techniques in expanded definition that uses history as a basis of the meaning of the word. ________5. “The word democracy comes from the Greek words "demos", meaning people, and "kratos" meaning power,” is an example of a sentence that uses Negation in defining. Read the short essay and answer the questions that follow. 3. Examples or anecdotes- telling a story or example that illustrates the term. Example: 4. Negation- defining a term by explaining what the concept is not. Example: 5. Evoking the senses- using a word that creates a picture in the reader's mind so that the reader might relate through memory of sound, sight, touch, hearing, or smell. Example: 1. What does this essay define? ____________ 2. What technique of extended definition is used in...? a. Sentence 1: ___________________________ b. Sentence 2: ___________________________ c. Sentence 3: ___________________________ d. Sentence 4: ___________________________ 6. Environment or sector- pointing out how and where something is used. Example:
04 LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV A – CALABARZON Schools Division of Laguna District of Los Baños TUNTUNGIN-PUTHO INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Date: S.Y. 2021-2022 Name:_____________________________Subject: ENGLISH 10 Section: ___________________ Teacher: MARIA GOLDA J. PEREZ MELC: Observe correct grammar in making definitions Descriptive Grammar vs. Prescriptive Grammar A descriptive grammar is a study of a language, its structure, and its rules as they are used in daily life by its speakers from all walks of life. Its aim is to understand language more deeply and that a single language can have multiple dialects and each dialect will have its own grammatical rules. A prescriptive grammar, on the other hand, follows specific way how a language is used. Its main focus is the correctness of word structures and generally accepted grammar functions. Typically the rules are handed down from generation to generation. School teachers, copy editors, and grammarians are credible and particular about prescriptive grammar. Some of the ways you can practice descriptive grammar is through the use of synonyms, context. Directions: Read the paragraph below. Replace each bold word with a synonym from the word pool that will add more detail and interest to the paragraph. Rewrite the paragraph on a separate sheet. got14 on her bed. “Oh well, she thought to herself. “Tomorrow is another day!” Directions: read each sentence and determine the meaning of the word using cross sentence clues or your prior knowledge. Then, explain what clues in the sentence helped you determine the word meaning. 1. Dignity: Even when the police officers put the handcuffs on my mother, she maintained her dignity, holding her head up high as she was marched off the protest site. Definition: 2. Splendid: The splendid rising sun glows with its shining rays. Definition: 3. Particle: John was so hungry that he didn’t leave a single particle of the muffin on the plate. Definition: 4. Elegant: Cassie took her time when she wrote in cursive, slowly making each word out of an elegant series of arcs and loops. Definition: 5. Injustice: Kevin thought that it was a great injustice that girls could wear earrings in the school while the boys could not. Definition: 6. Decline: After Gears of Pain 6 came out, the amount of people playing Gears of Pain 5 declined because many preferred the newer version. Definition: 7. Paradise: When Rex, my pet hound, had a bone, a warm spot to lie, and someone petting him, he was in paradise. Definition: Mona was having a bad1 day. First, she spilled her cereal on her nice2 outfit. Then she had to go3 to the bus stop in the rain. When she got to her first class, she was unhappy4 to hear there was going to be a pop quiz. It was not a subject she was good5at, and she didn’t do well. At lunch time, the cafeteria was only serving foods she did not like6, and her best friend made her unhappy7 because she didn’t save her a seat at the lunch table. In the afternoon, Mona had gym class, which she disliked8. She thought her gym uniform was ugly9 and none of her friends were in her class. After gym she felt unhappy10, and she spoke11 back to her history teacher and got sent to the principal’s office. The principal’s secretary called Mona’s mother,and when Mona’s mother got there, Mona could tell that she was not happy12. When she got home Mona’s mother told13 her that she was grounded. Mona went up to her room and
05 LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV A – CALABARZON Schools Division of Laguna District of Los Baños TUNTUNGIN-PUTHO INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Date: S.Y. 2021-2022 Name:_____________________________Subject: ENGLISH 10 Section: ___________________ Teacher: MARIA GOLDA J. PEREZ MELC: Observe correct grammar in making definitions- EXEMPLIFICATION Exemplification writing uses specific, vivid examples for the purpose of adding more information to explain, persuade, define, or illustrate a general idea. Likewise, exemplification provides solid support and strong evidence to prove the writer’s main statement. Appropriate examples also create interest in a writing assignment. By supplying specific examples, the writer adds additional who, what, when, where, why, and how information to elaborate on the main idea of a paragraph or essay. Good examples are logically related to the topic and provide the mental imagery needed by the reader to make important connections. Making these connections with suitable examples is important so that the author’s intended meaning, difficult concepts, or unfamiliar ideas are made known and clearly understood. Types of Examples • Examples that illustrate - use concrete examples to illustrate an idea. • Examples that explain - give an explanation to illustrate a concept • Examples that tell a story - use a short story to illustrate a point. Muslim women are active, assertive and engaged in society. In Qatar, women make up the majority of graduate-school students. The Iranian parliament has more women members than the U.S. Senate. Throughout the world, many Muslim women are educated and professionally trained; they participate in public debates, are often catalysts for reform and champions for their own rights. But I came to realize that those husbands who helped very little at home were often just as deeply affected as their wives - through the resentment their wives felt toward them and through their own need to steel themselves against that resentment. One day, rushing into the office of a magazine I was writing for with a deadline story in hand, I was mistaken for a burglar. The office manager called security and, with an ad hoc posse, pursued me through the labyrinthine halls, nearly to me editor’s door. • Examples that describe - use examples to make help the reader visualize a scene or a thing. Essays often combine both brief and extended examples • Brief. These examples appear rather frequently within the essay, and they usually function as concrete examples of straightforward ideas. • Extended. These examples contain more detail. Such detail is needed because extended examples function as concrete illustrations of ideas that are too complex to be made clear by a brief example. Sources: https://www.slideshare.net/jolie4ever/exemplificati on https://www.bucks.edu/media/bcccmedialibrary/tut oring/document s/writingareahandoutrevision/writingparagraphand outlines/Exemplification. Pdf Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong. Write your answer on the space provided before the number __________ 1. Examples that illustrate use concrete examples to illustrate a point. __________ 2. Examples that describe use examples to make help the reader visualize a scene or a thing. __________ 3. Examples that tell a story use a short story to illustrate an idea. __________ 4. Examples that explain give an explanation to illustrate a concept. __________ 5. Exemplification writing uses broad, not clear examples for the purpose of adding more information to explain, persuade, define, or illustrate a general idea.
06 LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV A – CALABARZON Schools Division of Laguna District of Los Baños TUNTUNGIN-PUTHO INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Date: S.Y. 2021-2022 Name:_____________________________Subject: ENGLISH 10 Section: ___________________ Teacher: MARIA GOLDA J. PEREZ MELC: Compose a research report on a relevant social issue- CONTRASTING Contrasting example is showing how the topic differs from others in the same class. While similarities exist between two items, differences between them do occur, too. For instance, a whale and a shark have the same appearance and habitat; however, the former is a mammal, whereas the latter is a fish. Look at the example Sport (Term) Contrasting Definition – Sport has been practice since pre-historic times but it is a relatively new subject in research.If you’re going to look for the meaning of “sport” in the dictionary, you will just find a cliché definition; a definition that is known to everyone. But with the use of extended definition, you go beyond simple meaning and with the use of contrasting example, it showcased contrast statements but still in the same class. Another example Pride (term) Contrasting Definition - Pride is a feeling of deep satisfaction resulting from one’s achievement but excessive pride is also harmful when you feel like your superior to others. Contrasting statements joined by the conjunction, “but”. Contrasting yet it still defines what pride is. The definition given was not simple as dictionary can give. It goes beyond the term for deeper understanding. Another example, Bravery (Term) Contrasting Definition - Bravery is the state of showing mental strength to face danger, however it is not only about not being afraid all the time, you can fear something but face it in the same time. Another two contrasting ideas yet the goal is still the same: define what bravery is. By those examples, you can see how powerful a definition is. For most people, they look up to dictionary for easier understanding of a term but expanded definition is there to help you understand the word in a matter which dictionary can’t give. Definition might look simple but it establishes the way in which people communicate ideas. In addition in using contrasting definition, you must be able to know basic conjunction to use whenever you are contrasting statements in a sentence. Below are the basic conjunctions used: But Unlike However Nonetheless Instead Yet By contrast Despite Although Identify what term is being defined. You will just choose your answers in the box below. Definitions given used contrasting example. Otherwise While Even though _____1. It is when you feel so confident in every situation but if there are bad days, you automatically doubt yourself, you fall prone to blame and stress. _____2. It is a union of two people who vow to be together yet when uncertainty came, some forgets the vow they made. _____3. It is an emotion that occurs in situations where a person is blocked from reaching a desired outcome; however it is not necessarily bad since it can act as a motivator to change. _____4. It promotes relationship longevity but it motivates people to sacrifice self-interest on behalf of the relationship. _____5. It is based on positive thinking yet it requires you to be suspicious on the intention of others. _____6. It is someone who is admired for courage or noble qualities but as society evolves, it is someone who does something we couldn’t do or don’t think we could possibly do. _____7. It is a state, not a trait; in other words, it isn’t a long-lasting, permanent feature or personality trait, but a more fleeting, changeable state. _____8. It is about being honest yet not sharing everything you feel or think with whoever you’re close with. _____9. It equals wealth; however wealth is truly such small silvers of it. _____10. It is no quality in things; it exists merely in the mind which contemplates them; and each mind perceives a different view on it.
07 LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV A – CALABARZON Schools Division of Laguna District of Los Baños TUNTUNGIN-PUTHO INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Date: S.Y. 2021-2022 Name:_____________________________Subject: ENGLISH 10 Section: ___________________ Teacher: MARIA GOLDA J. PEREZ MELC: Compose a research report on a relevant social issue Research as we have learned in our previous lesson was defined as a careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. Hence, writing a research title is not like a magic that is comes instant, and abracadabra! You have a title. A research title or a research project of real-world observations, dilemmas, wide reading, selective viewing (television programs, films documentaries, videos, etc.) meaningful interactions with significant others, and deep reflections. And that is the lesson that we will talk about today – Composing a Research Title on a Relevant Social Issue How to write a research title • The title gives a name to the research and it is also a means to identify the contribution of the researcher. • It should be clear enough to express the global content of the article in a brief and concrete way. • The title is the first thing that the readers meet. Therefore, it should be attractive and create good impressions. • The research title should capture all the relevant aspect of your study. • It should also be accessible and captivating to readers. Guidelines in writing the title. The researcher should be guided by the following in the formulation of his/her title. These are also the characteristics of the title. 1. Generally, the title is formulated before the start of the research work. It may be revised and refined later if there is a need. 2. The title must contain the subject matter of the study, the locale of the study, the populations involved, and period when the data were gathered or will be gathered. 3. It must be broad enough to include the aspects of the subject matter studied or to be studied. Hence, the title indicates what is expected to be found inside the thesis report. 4. It must be brief and concise as possible. 5. Avoid using the terms “An Analysis of,” “A Study of”, “An Investigation of,” and the like. All these things are understood to have been done or to be done when a research is conducted. 6. If the title contains more than one line, it must be written like an inverted pyramid, all words in capital letters. Example of a complete title: EFFECTS OF STRUGGLES IN ONLINE LEARNING TO ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED GRADE 10 STUDENTS OF SANTOLAN HIGH SCHOOL S.Y.2020-2021 The contents as required by the Guidelines no. 2 are: a. Subject matter: Effects of Struggles in Online Learning to Academic Performance b. Locale of the study: Santolan High School c. Population involved: Selected Grade 10 students d. Period of the Study: S.Y. 2020-2021 * The period of the study can also be omitted since it will also be written in the scope and delimitation of the data of the research paper. Read the statements below then choose the correct word from the word pool that best describes the word. Write your answer on the space provided. _____________ 1. It is the research topic. _____________ 2. They are the people who have been invited to take part in a study _____________ 3. It is where the study takes place. _____________ 4. It comprehensive group of individuals, institutions, objects and so forth with have a common characteristic that are the interest of a researcher _____________ 5. It means the period beginning with the date on which a person starts attending or undertaking a course of study and ending with the last day of the course Identify the following statements as FACT or BLUFF. Write your answer on the space provided. _______1. The title gives a name to the research and it is also a means to identify the contribution of the researcher. _________2. The global content should be clearly expressed. _________3. The research title cannot be revised and refined later if there is a need. _________4. The title is the first thing that the readers meet. Therefore, it should be attractive and create good impressions. __________5. Generally, the title is formulated at the end of the research work. is explained as a
08 LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV A – CALABARZON Schools Division of Laguna District of Los Baños TUNTUNGIN-PUTHO INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Date: S.Y. 2021-2022 Name:_____________________________Subject: ENGLISH 10 Section: ___________________ Teacher: MARIA GOLDA J. PEREZ MELC: Compose a research report on a relevant social issue The introduction serves the purpose of leading the reader from a general subject area to a particular field of research. It establishes the context of the research being conducted by summarizing current understanding and background information about the topic, stating the purpose of the work in the form of the hypothesis, question, or research problem, briefly explaining your rationale, methodological approach, highlighting the potential outcomes your study can reveal, and describing the remaining structure of the paper. A well-written introduction is important because, quite simply, you never get a second chance to make a good first impression. The opening paragraph of your paper will provide your readers with their initial impressions about the logic of your argument, your writing style, the overall quality of your research, and, ultimately, the validity of your findings and conclusions. A vague, disorganized, or error-filled introduction will create a negative impression, whereas, a concise, engaging, and well- written introduction will start your readers off thinking highly of your analytical skills, your writing style, and your research approach. Every research paper needs context so that readers can understand why you have created it. This is exactly what you can do in your research paper introduction. Of course, this can mean that your introduction is the hardest part of paper to write first. So, it is essential that you take your time and make sure that you get it right. The introduction of writing is going to set out your rationale, which is what a research will be based around. Your readers will be able to tell right from the beginning what they are going to be reading about and even whether it interests them. Essential Parts of the Introduction 1. Provide Background Information The topic is basically the fundament of any writing you prepare. Regarding, from which angle you look at your topic, it will reflect different aspects. It’s better to begin with outlining your topic. There is no secret on how to start a research paper intro: you should just state your topic and add some connected with topic issues that bothers you a lot. This is a perfect strategy to intrigue the reader. It is recommended to start with general info and then narrowing down to some concrete aspects. Try not to deepen into a state of things in the beginning, but explain your view on the topic. If you are going to use some difficult expressions in the central part of an essay, make them clear to any reader and point out their connection with your topic. Below are some examples: • A paper on organic matter in soil can begin thus: ‘Sustainable crop production is a function of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil, which, in turn, are markedly affected by the organic matter in soil.’ • A paper that discusses the possible beneficial role of bacteria in treating cancer can begin as follows: ‘The role of bacteria as anticancer agent was recognized almost hundred years back.’ • A paper on lithium batteries can introduce the study with the following sentence: ‘The rapid growth of lithium ion batteries and their new uses, such as powering electric cars and storing electricity for grid supply, demands more reliable methods to understand and predict battery performance and life.’ At the same time, the introductory statement should not be too broad: note that in the examples above, the Introduction did not begin by talking about agriculture, cancer, or batteries in general, but by mentioning organic matter in soil, the role of bacteria, and lithium ion batteries. Once the first sentence has introduced the broad field, the next sentence can point to the specific area within that broad field. As you may have noticed, the papers in the examples mentioned above introduced the subfield by mentioning 1) remission of some types cancer following accidental infection by Streptococcus pyogenes, 2) organic matter in soil as a source of nutrients for plants and of energy for microorganisms, and 3) imaging techniques to visualize the 3- dimensional structure of the materials and components of batteries on nanoscale. 2. Objectives of the Study Thesis statement marks the conclusive part of the introduction for research paper or research summary and transition to the actual research. This sentence supports all the things you have written before and collects all your ideas in a logical and concise saying. If your subject is too complicated, you should make thesis statement comprehensible with it. The thesis is what runs through your complete
08 LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV A – CALABARZON Schools Division of Laguna District of Los Baños TUNTUNGIN-PUTHO INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Date: S.Y. 2021-2022 Name:_____________________________Subject: ENGLISH 10 Section: ___________________ Teacher: MARIA GOLDA J. PEREZ essay, that’s why the intro where a thesis is stated sets the tone for the entire paper. Your thesis should: • Give general info on topic • Be engaging and precise • Reflect the significance of raised issue Here are two more examples: • ‘We aimed to assess the effectiveness of four disinfection strategies on hospital-wide incidence of multidrug-resistant organisms and Clostridium difficile’ • ‘We aimed (1) to assess the epidemiological changes before and after the upsurge of scarlet fever in China in 2011; (2) to explore the reasons for the upsurge and the epidemiological factors that contributed to it; and (3) to assess how these factors could be managed to prevent future epidemics.’ 3. Significance of the Study As you can see from the above examples, the authors are moving toward presenting the specific topic of their research. So now in the following part, you can bring in some statistics to show the importance of the topic or the seriousness of the problem. Here are some examples: • A paper on controlling malaria by preventive measures, can mention the number of people affected, the number of person-hours lost, or the cost of treating the disease. • A paper on developing crops that require little water can mention the frequency of severe droughts or the decrease in crop production because of droughts. • A paper on more efficient methods of public transport can mention the extent of air pollution due to exhausts from cars and two-wheelers or the shrinking ratio between the number of automobiles and road length. Another way to emphasize the importance of the research topic is to highlight the possible benefits from solving the problem or from finding an answer to the question: possible savings, greater production, longer-lasting devices, and so on. This approach emphasizes the positive. 4. Literature Review As mentioned earlier, a formal review of literature is out of place in the Introduction section of a research paper; however, it is appropriate to indicate any earlier relevant research and clarify how your research differs from those attempts. The differences can be simple: you may have repeated the same set of experiments but with a different organism, or elaborated (involving perhaps more sophisticated or advanced analytical instruments) the study with a much larger and diverse sample, or a widely different geographical setting. Here are two examples: • ‘Although these studies were valuable, they were undertaken when the draft genome sequence had not been available and therefore provide little information on the evolutionary and regulatory mechanisms.’ • ‘Plant response is altered by insect colonization and behaviour but these aspects have been studied mostly in sole crops, whereas the present paper examines the relationship between crops and their pests in an intercropping system. Tips on How to Write an Introduction Define and Explain Concepts Is writing including concepts that are going to be complicated for the average reader to understand? If the answer to this question is yes, this means that you should take the time to explain them as best as you can in your introduction. This includes any jargon or terms that you think will be important to know before reading your findings and analysis. Start with a Quotation You want to capture your reader’s attention right from the beginning. If you are not sure how to do that effectively, think about including a quotation that captures the heart of topic. This will be particularly true if your essay is for social subjects, such as English, History, and humanities. This is going to help create a picture in the reader’s head, and they will remember this when they are reading your work. Depending on the subject of your paper, this could also include a striking statistic. Communicate your Structure Readers need to know not only why you are conducting a particular research topic, but also how you intend to do this. This means that your introduction should set out the structure that will be followed in your article. This will allow a reader to easily navigate between different parts and make sure that it all makes sense. All papers should be organized to ensure that the reader understands everything that is going on and to make your findings valuable. What is a Research Question? A research question is the question around which you center your research. It should be: • clear: it provides enough specifics that one’s audience can easily understand its purpose without needing additional explanation.
08 LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET Republic of the Philippines Department of Education Region IV A – CALABARZON Schools Division of Laguna District of Los Baños TUNTUNGIN-PUTHO INTEGRATED NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL Date: S.Y. 2021-2022 Name:_____________________________Subject: ENGLISH 10 Section: ___________________ Teacher: MARIA GOLDA J. PEREZ • focused: it is narrow enough that it can be answered thoroughly in the space the writing task allows. • concise: it is expressed in the fewest possible words. • complex: it is not answerable with a simple “yes” or “no,” but rather requires synthesis and analysis of ideas and sources prior to composition of an answer. • arguable: its potential answers are open to debate rather than accepted facts. How to Develop a Questionnaire for Research 1. Choose an interesting general topic. Most professional researchers focus on topics they are genuinely interested in studying. Writers should choose a broad topic about which they genuinely would like to know more. An example of a general topic might be “Slavery in the American South” or “Films of the 1930s.” 2. Do some preliminary research on your general topic. Do a few quick searches in current periodicals and journals on your topic to see what’s already been done and to help you narrow your focus. What issues are scholars and researchers discussing, when it comes to your topic? What questions occur to you as you read these articles? 3. Consider your audience. For most college papers, your audience will be academic, but always keep your audience in mind when narrowing your topic and developing your question. Would that particular audience be interested in the question you are developing? 4. Start asking questions. Taking into consideration all of the above, start asking yourself open-ended “how” and “why” questions about your general topic. For example, “Why were slave narratives effective tools in working toward the abolishment of slavery?” or “How did the films of the 1930s reflect or respond to the conditions of the Great Depression?” 5. Evaluate your question. After you’ve put a question or even a couple of questions down on paper, evaluate these questions to determine whether they would be effective research questions or whether they need more revising and refining. • Is your research question clear? With so much research available on any given topic, research questions must be as clear as possible in order to be effective in helping the writer direct his or her research. o Is your research question focused? • Research questions must be specific enough to be well covered in the space available. • Is your research question complex? Research questions should not be answerable with a simple “yes” or “no” or by easily-found facts. They should, instead, require both research and analysis on the part of the writer. They often begin with “How” or “Why.” 6. Begin your research. After you’ve come up with a question, think about the possible paths your research could take. What sources should you consult as you seek answers to your question? What research process will ensure that you Research Paper Outline Worksheet. Choose your own topic about social issues. 1. Introduction (introduces topic in interesting way; introduces key ideas to help explain your argument) Thesis Statement: (your argument & road map) 2. Background Paragraph: (information to help reader understand the broad context of your topic.) 3.Subtopic Evidence: A.________________________________________ ________________________________________ B.________________________________________ ________________________________________ C. _________________________________________ _______________________________________
